Socioemotional Development – Temperament and Personality

Temperament

Genetically based but environmentally influenced tendencies to respond predictably to events, forming the basis of personality.

Stability of temperament over time

Low to moderate early in life; becomes more stable after age 3.

Thomas and Chess's three temperament types

Easy, Slow-to-warm-up, and Difficult.

'Goodness-of-fit' model

The match between a child's temperament and their environment affects developmental outcomes.

Rothbart's main components of temperament

Reactivity and self-regulation.

Factors under reactivity according to Rothbart

Surgency/extraversion and negative affectivity.

Effortful control

The ability to inhibit a dominant response to perform a subdominant response.

Behavioral inhibition (Kagan)

A tendency to react to novelty with fear and withdrawal, associated with later anxiety and poor social outcomes.

Freud's theory of personality development

Psychosexual stages based on libido focus; fixation can result from frustration or overindulgence.

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

Eight stages, each with a social crisis that must be resolved for healthy personality development.

Freud and Erikson's stages from birth to adolescence

A) Birth-1yr: Oral/Trust vs. Mistrust;

B) 1-3yr: Anal/Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt;

C) 3-6yr: Phallic/Initiative vs. Guilt;

D) 6-12yr: Latency/Industry vs. Inferiority;

E) Adolescence: Genital/Identity vs. Role Confusion.

Erikson's stages in adulthood

F) Young adult: Intimacy vs. Isolation;

G) Middle adult: Generativity vs. Stagnation;

H) Late adult: Integrity vs. Despair.

Four parenting styles

Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, and Uninvolved.

Outcomes linked to authoritative parenting

Best outcomes: confidence, independence, academic achievement.

Outcomes linked to authoritarian parenting

Insecurity, dependence, poor social skills, risk for bullying.

Outcomes linked to permissive parenting

Poor impulse control, rebelliousness, poor academic performance.

Outcomes linked to uninvolved parenting

Worst outcomes: drug use, low self-esteem, poor social skills.

Rank-order stability

The relative positioning of personality traits across time.

Mean-level change in personality

How average levels of traits change across lifespan.

Big Five traits change in adulthood

Neuroticism decreases; agreeableness and conscientiousness increase.

Self-awareness

Understanding oneself as a separate entity; emerges via mirror recognition by 18-24 months.

Mirror test

A test of self-awareness where toddlers recognize themselves in a mirror with a spot on their face.

How self-understanding evolves

Early: physical traits; Middle: traits/social comparison; Adolescence: abstract qualities and contradictions.

Kohlberg's stages of gender identity

Gender identity (2-3 yrs), Gender stability (4 yrs), Gender constancy (6-7 yrs).

Social cognitive theory of gender identity

Gender identity is learned via modeling and reinforcement.

Gender schema theory

Children develop cognitive frameworks (schemas) for gender that guide behavior.

Egan and Perry's model of gender identity

Includes: Membership knowledge, Gender typicality, Gender contentedness, Felt pressure, Intergroup bias.

Psychological androgyny

Having both masculine and feminine traits; linked to flexibility and better adjustment.

Marcia's model of adolescent identity

Identity Diffusion, Foreclosure, Moratorium, Achievement.

Predictors of high self-esteem in gender identity research

Androgyny or possessing masculine traits.

What is temperament?

Genetically based but environmentally influenced tendencies to respond predictably to events, forming the basis of personality.

What is the stability of temperament over time?

Low to moderate early in life; becomes more stable after age 3.

What are Thomas and Chess's three temperament types?

Easy, Slow-to-warm-up, and Difficult.

What is the 'goodness-of-fit' model?

The match between a child's temperament and their environment affects developmental outcomes.

What are Rothbart's main components of temperament?

Reactivity and self-regulation.

What factors are under reactivity according to Rothbart?

Surgency/extraversion and negative affectivity.

What is effortful control?

The ability to inhibit a dominant response to perform a subdominant response.

What is behavioral inhibition (Kagan)?

A tendency to react to novelty with fear and withdrawal, associated with later anxiety and poor social outcomes.

What is Freud's theory of personality development?

Psychosexual stages based on libido focus; fixation can result from frustration or overindulgence.

What is Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

Eight stages, each with a social crisis that must be resolved for healthy personality development.

What are Freud and Erikson's stages from birth to adolescence?

* Birth-1yr

Oral / Trust vs. Mistrust

* 1-3yr

Anal / Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

* 3-6yr

Phallic / Initiative vs. Guilt

* 6-12yr

Latency / Industry vs. Inferiority

* Adolescence

Genital / Identity vs. Role Confusion

What are Erikson's stages in adulthood?

* Young adult

Intimacy vs. Isolation

* Middle adult

Generativity vs. Stagnation

* Late adult

Integrity vs. Despair

What are the four parenting styles?

Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, and Uninvolved.

What outcomes are linked to authoritative parenting?

Best outcomes: confidence, independence, academic achievement.

What outcomes are linked to authoritarian parenting?

Insecurity, dependence, poor social skills, risk for bullying.

What outcomes are linked to permissive parenting?

Poor impulse control, rebelliousness, poor academic performance.

What outcomes are linked to uninvolved parenting?

Worst outcomes: drug use, low self-esteem, poor social skills.

What is rank-order stability?

The relative positioning of personality traits across time.

What is mean-level change in personality?

How average levels of traits change across lifespan.

What Big Five traits change in adulthood?

Neuroticism decreases; agreeableness and conscientiousness increase.

What is self-awareness?

Understanding oneself as a separate entity; emerges via mirror recognition by 18-24 months.

What is the mirror test?

A test of self-awareness where toddlers recognize themselves in a mirror with a spot on their face.

How does self-understanding evolve?

* Early

physical traits

* Middle

traits/social comparison

* Adolescence

abstract qualities and contradictions

What are Kohlberg's stages of gender identity?

* Gender identity (2-3 yrs)

* Gender stability (4 yrs)

* Gender constancy (6-7 yrs)

What is social cognitive theory of gender identity?

Gender identity is learned via modeling and reinforcement.

What is gender schema theory?

Children develop cognitive frameworks (schemas) for gender that guide behavior.

What is Egan and Perry's model of gender identity?

Includes: Membership knowledge, Gender typicality, Gender contentedness, Felt pressure, Intergroup bias.

What is psychological androgyny?

Having both masculine and feminine traits; linked to flexibility and better adjustment.

What is Marcia's model of adolescent identity?

Identity Diffusion, Foreclosure, Moratorium, Achievement.

What predicts high self-esteem in gender identity research?

Androgyny or possessing masculine traits.

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