Ch6 personality and adjustment

basking in reflected glory

is the tendency to enhance one’s image by publicly announcing ones association with those who are successful

Collectivism

involves putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one’s identity in terms of the group to which one belongs

downward social comparison

is a defensive tendency to compare oneself with someone whose troubles are more serious than one’s ow

explanatory style

refers to the tendency to use similar casual attributions for a wide variety of events in one’s life 

external attributions

ascribe the causes of behavior to situational demands and environmental constraints

impression managment

refers to usually conscious efforts by people to influence how others think of them

individualism

involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group membership

ingratiation

is behaving in ways to make oneself likeable to others

internal attributions

ascribe the causes of behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings

possible selves

are one’s conceptions about the kind of person one might become in the future

public self

is an image presented to others in social interactions

reference group

is a set of people who are used as a gauge in making social comparisons

self-attributions

are inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behavior

self-concept

is a collection of beliefs about one’s own basic nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior

self defeating behaviors

are seemingly intentional actions that thwart a persons self interest

self discrepancy

consists of a mismatch between the self-perceptions that make up the actual self, ideal self, and ought self

self-efficacy

refers to one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes

self enhancement

is the tendency to seek positive (and reject negative) information about oneself

self esteem

refers to one’s overall assessment of one’s worth as a person

self-handicapping

is the tendency to sabotage one’s performance to provide an excuse for possible failure

self-monitoring

refers to the degree to which people attend to and control the impressions they make on others

self-regulation

is the process of directing and controlling one’s behavior to achieve desired goals

self-serving bias

or the tendency to attribute one’s successes to personal factors and one’s failures to situational factors

social comparison theory

proposes that individuals compare themselves with others in order to assess their abilities and opinions

Albert bandura

efficacy beliefs vary according to the personal skills

Roy baumeister

theorized that pressure to perform often makes people self-conscious and that this elevated self consciousness disrupts their attention, thereby interfering with performance

Hazel Markus

identified the influence of possible selves in how people conceive of what they may become or be like in the future