HGAP Exam Review (HARD)

Judaism

Ethnic/Monotheism

Expansion Diffusion

Hearth: Canaan (Israel/Palestine)

Torah

Yahweh

Wailing Wall

Islam

Universalizing/Monotheism

Relocation/Expansion Diffusion, Military Conquest & Trade Diffusion

Hearth: Saudi Arabia

Quran (Shari’a = law)

Allah

Mosque (Mecca), Alhambra Palace (Granada, Spain)

Buddhism

Universalizing/Polytheism

Expansion & Relocation Diffusion

Hearth: Northern India

Tripitaka

Buddha

Temple (Pagoda)

Hinduism

Ethnic/Polytheism

Contagious & Relocation Diffusion

Hearth: Indus Valley region in India

Vedas

Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva

Sikhism

Universalizing/Monotheism

Contagious & Relocation Diffusion

Hearth: Punjab area of India

Guru Granth Sahib

Wahegru

Golden temple

Compact State

Zimbabwe

Proupted

Compact state w/ large projecting extension (Thailand)

Elongated

Norway & Chile

Fragmented

Philippines

Perforated

State that completely surrounds another state (South Africa & Italy)

Shatterbelt

Shatterbelt located between Western Europe & former Soviet Union, containing countries like Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and parts of the Balkans

Irredentism

A claim by a state to territory based on cultural, historical, or ethnic ties

Imperialism

Powerful country extending its control over other territories

Neo-Colonialism

Former colonial powers maintain indirect control and influence over newly independent countries through economic, political, and cultural means

Meridian Principle

A boundary line is drawn halfway between two countries in the water, dividing the sea area equally between them as part of their exclusive economic zones (EEZs).

Positional Dispute

aka: locational/directional

disputes where the border actually is

(ex: Chile & Argentina over Andes Mts.)

Functional Dispute

aka: operational

disputes over rules/policies that apply in a border area

(ex: US & Mexico on immigration)

Allocational Dispute

Occurs when valuable natural resources lie on both sides of a boundary.

(ex: Iraq and Kuwait over oil fields)

Territorial Dispute

dispute over ownership of a region

(ex: India & Pakistan over Kashmir, Israel/Palestine)

Exclusive Economic Zone

states have exclusive economic rights to resources 200 miles off their coast

Contiguous Zone

extends from 24 nautical miles where a state can enforce laws of costumes, immigration, pollution, & taxation to protect its territorial sea

Territorial Sea

states sovereign borders (complete control) extend 12 nautical miles off the coast

NATO

alliance formed during Cold War promoting democracy & prevent communism (Against Warsaw Pact)

Warsaw Pact

Political & military alliance established on May 14, 1955, between the Soviet Union & several Eastern European countries to promote communism & prevent democracy (Against NATO)

NAFTA

Trade agreement between North Am. countries which removed tariffs

OPEC

Deals with oil

• Algeria, Angola, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates

Organic Theory (Ratzel)

states are like organisms that must grow to survive, implying expansion is necessary

Heartland Theory (Mackinder)

control of central part of Eurasia (heartland) is key to global dominance

Rimland Theory (Spykman)

control of Eurasia’s coastal fringes (rimland) provides a strategic advantage

Soviet Union

the first country to form a government based on the system known as Communism

• Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan

Pidgin

Adaptation of language simplifying grammar & vocab for communications among speakers of two different languages. (ex: Konglish, Not true lang)

Creole

Two/more languages combined to form a new language

Syncretism

When two or more cultural traits blend together to create a new cultural trait

Commercial Gardening & Fruit Farming (truck farming, specialty farming, Market Gardening)

Intensive Agriculture

Southeast coast of US

• fruits, vegetables, apples, asparagus, cherries, lettuce, tomatoes, mushrooms, and ornamental crops

Plantation Agriculture

Intensive Agriculture

Large-scale farming of a single crop for cash cropping

Tropical

• tobacco, cotton, coffee, banana, rubber, sugarcane

Mixed Crop & Livestock

Intensive

Largest profit is from animal products

US East of Rocky Mts.

Uses Crop Rotation: seasonal rotation of crops from one field to another

Meditteranean

Intensive

Mild winters/summers

• olives, grapes, nuts, figs

Intensive Subsistense

Intensive

Non-Wet Rice: wheat, corn, millet, soybeans

Uses Double Cropping: two harvests per year from one field (tropical)

Shifting Cultivation

aka: Slash & Burn, Swidden

Extensive

Tropical

• grains, manioc, sweet potatoes, yams, beans

Grain Farming

Extensive

Winter wheat: Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma

Spring wheat: Washington, Dakota, Montana

• corn, barley, wheat, oats

Pastoral Nomadism

Extensive

Dry & Arid

Ranching

Extensive

(Primarily cattle)

Pampas Argentina & US Central Plains

Central America (Agricultural Hearth)

Sweet potatoes, beans, turkey

Fertile Crescent (Western Asia/North Africa) (Agricultural Hearth)

original hearth of agriculture

wheat, barley, sheep, pigs, cattle

Indus River Valley (Agricultural Hearth)

barley, peas, cattle, camels, buffalo

Yellow River Valley (Agricultural Hearth)

sugar cane, millets

Mesopotamia

wheat & grains

Southeast Asia

bananas, sugarcane, mangos, coconut

Gentrifiction

Rebuilding/renovating by some who may move back to inner urban

Consolidation

city & county that were handled separately, combines into joint operation

New Urbanism

Counteract urban sprawl

• create spaces for easy walking/biking, no cars

Smart Growth

Urban planning/transportation making compact walkable urban center

Slow-growth

A way of life that supports “slow-living” & values traditions

Ecological footprint

Measures a city’s demand like land for food production, infrastructure, waste assimilation, & water resources

Squatter Settlements

densely populated areas where people establish homes on land they don’t own/have legal rights to, arising due to rapid urbanization (rural to urban) & lack of affordable housing

Mixed-use

versatile community where people can live, work, shop, & play within a walkable area

Megacity

10 million people (ex: China, India, Japan)

Metacity

20 million people (ex: Tokyo, Delhi, Mexico City, Sao Paulo)

Megalopolis

Several cities forming a large urban region

Metropolitan

Big cities surrounding towns/suburbs (Dallas/FW)

Concentric/Burgess Model

Strong CBD, density gradient

Sector/Hoyt Model

Wedge shaped, transportation routes

• low income near railroads/ports

• business service along highway

  

Harris-Ullman Model

(Multi-Nuclei Model)

several nodes, since there’s greater mobility/transportation

Galactic/Peripheral Model

Major beltway & edge citites

Latin America Model

Spine & old fashion markets

Zone of Maturity: Middle-class housing

Zone of In Situ Accretion: Modest housing, transitional area from middle to low-income housing

Periphery/Periferico: Extreme poverty & no services

African Model

3 CBDs & segregated neighborhoods

South: Western influence

North: Islamic Influence

• Colonial CBD: Vertical development

• Traditional CBD: Traditional architecture

• Market Zone: Informal, open air

  

Southeast Asia Model

old port zones & government

• Colonial cities: Clearly segregated neighborhoods for natives/Europeans

• Traditional cities: Centered on a bazaar

Mercator Projection

Accurate: shape & direction

Distorts: size & distance

Gall-Peters Projection

Accurate: relative size of Earth’s continent

Distorts: shape & direction

Goodes Projection

Accurate: size & shape (pop density)

Distorts: direction & distance & ocean interruption

Robinson Projection

reduces distortion

Malthusian Theory

Predicting unchecked population growth would outpace agricultural output, leading to famine & other catastrophes

Preventive Checks

Ways to avoid population increase

Positive Checks

Factors that increase mortality (ex: famine, disease, war)

Ester Boserup

Critic arguing population growth helps innovation & advancement of technology leads to increased food supply & Malthus is incorrect

Neo-Malthusian

Agrees with Malthus & also extends focus on environmental degradation, resource depletion, emphasizing impact of pop size & consumption pattern

• humans could avoid catastrophe

Stage 2

DTM: high CBR, rapidly falling CDR, exploding NIR

• medical revolution

Epidemic: Malaria, AIDS, disease

• Sub-Saharan Africa

Stage 3

DTM: high (falling) CBR, low CDR, high slow NIR

• more industry, less farming

Epidemic: chronic disorder (heart disease & cancer), diabetes

• India, Mexico, Indonesia

Stage 4

DTM: low CBR, low CDR, ZPG NIR

• service & research, Post-industry

Epidemic: delayed chronic disorder

(Stage 4 & 5)

• USA, China, South Korea, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Singapore, Italy

Stage 5

DTM: very low CBR, increase CDR (elderly), negative NIR

Epidemic: return of infectious diseases

• Japan, Germany, Russia, Ukraine