Bio Technology based on rubric

Selective Breeding

When organisms are chosen to breed together in order to produce desired traits/characteristics in the offspring.

Downsides of S.B.

Slow processs. And can have negatve effects on the organism.

Different types of selective breeding

Natural selection and artifical selection

Natural selection

the process by which varied traits that increase survival and enable reproduction are passed down from generation to generation

artificial selection

Another term for selective breeding.

Pros of Natural selection

enhances the preservation of a group of organisms that are best adjusted to the physical and biological conditions of their environment

Cons of natural selection

Involves a lot of chance, and can only operate on avaliable genetic variation

Natural vs. Artificial Selection

Natural selection is picked by the environment while Artificial selection is picked by humans.

Pros of Artificial Selection

New plant and animal varieties can be created. Faster than Natural Selection and lets humans control the results.

Cons of Artificial Selection

Inbreeding can mean offspring are too similar and can be susceptible to diseases. Reduced gene pool can mean less chance to adapt to the environment.

Purpose of Selective Breeding

To produce desired traits/characterists in the offspring.

polymerase chain reaction

speeds up DNA replication, produces a lot of DNA

Restrictive Enzyme/Endonuclease

Allows for cutting of DNA at specific “restriction” sites, which contain specific sequences of bases

Recombinant DNA

Pieceing together DNA from 2 different species

Where do restrictive enzymes come from?

Bacteria.

What do restrictive enzymes do in the wild?

They are defense mechanisms for bacteria. They cut up unwanted DNA entering the cell.

What is the purpose of Polymerase Chain Reaction?

PCR increases the amount of DNA avaliable so more tests can be run.

How do restrictive enzymes work?

They cut DNA at specific restriction sites which contain specific sequences of bases.

Recognition Site

Another term for restriction site; where the restriction enzymes cut, contain a specific sequence of bases

Sticky end

when the restrictive enzyme cuts through the DNA in a way that cuts through hydrogen bonds.

Blunt end

when the restrictive enzyme cuts through the DNA leaveing two pieces

How is PCR used irl?

Cloning, Mutation detection, and paternity testing.

How does Gel Electrophoresis work?

Process of compairing different DNA. DNA seperated into bands is put into a gel which electricitry is run through. The electricity seperates the bands of DNA bc small or have strong charge.

Gel Electrophoresis

Tool used by scientists to compare DNA bands of different length.

Purpose of Gel Electrophoresis

To compare DNA amongst individuals

How can Gel Electrophoresis solve a murder?

You can compare the DNA of the murderer to suspects to find a match to solve the case!

How to create recombinant DNA?

Take 2 different DNA from different species, and cut them with the same restriction enzyme that forms sticky end cuts. Combine the different bands of DNA by putting them together and adding Ligase.

Purpose of recombinant DNA

Can produce a large amount of a rare substance such as inslin

Cloning

the processes used to create an exact genetic replica of another cell or organism

purpose of sequencing DNA

DNA sequencing is used to treat and diagnose diseases

GMO( Genetically modified organism )

when an organism is changed at the genetic level using its DNA

Examples of GMO’s

1. Bt corn - made resistant to certain insects
2. Cotton - prevents insects from destroying it
3. Golden Rice - made to be more nutritious

Pro’s o’ GMO’s

Creates more food, prevents destruction o’ crops, crops last longer, crops can be more nutritious

Con’s o’ GMO’s

Could potentially build up anti-body resistance, untested for long term effects, expensive

Induced Mutations in Selective Breeding

When physical or chemical mutations are used to create random variations to create new varieties.

genetic consequences of inbreeding

higher mortality rates, lower growth rates and a higher frequency of hereditary abnormalities

genetic consequences of hybridization

increase of genetic diversity and reduction of inbreeding

How do the proccesses of hybridization and inbreeding differ?

In hybridization, DNA from two different populations are combined. While in inbreeding, similar or identical DNA is used to create an organism.

Inbreeding examples

Parent and offspring, siblings, cousins

hybridization examples

mule, half horse, half donkey

transformation

taking in forgein DNA, and potentially using it

transgenic organism

an organism or cell whose genome has been altered by the introduction of one or more foreign DNA sequences from another species by artificial means

uses of transgenic organisms

Research, agriculture, testing cures for diseases

Gene Splicing (used to create a transgenic organism)

1. Bacterial plasmid(circular piece of DNA) and human gene are removed
2. both DNA’s are cut with the same restriction enzyme
3. The gene is inserted into the plasmid, making recombinant DNA
4. Recombinant plasmid is introduced into a bacterial cell
5. the recombinant bacterial cell reproduces, making copies of the gene which the bacteria uses to produce a protein

Two types of cloning

Theraputic cloning and Reproductive cloning

Theraputic cloning is AKA

Artificial Embryo Twinning

Theraputic cloning is used in medicine

experiments aimed at understanding disease and developing new treatments for disease

Theraputic Cloning

process that mimics the natural process of embryo splitting. The early embryo is split into two individual cells in a petri dish. It is then placed into a surrogate mother.

Reproductive Cloning AKA

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Theraputic Cloning creates

embreyos with the same genome as the person who donated the embreyo.

Purpose of Reproductive Cloning

creates copies of whole animals

Reproductive Cloning Steps

1. The nucleus and DNA from an egg cell is removed
2. It is replaced with one from a somatic cell (from the organism to be cloned)
3. This creates a freshly fertilized egg
4. It can be developed until it an embryo, until it is planted in a surrogate mother.

Fears that arose from cloning

baby-factories and everyone having the same face

ethics

moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity.

medical ethics

concerned with the obligations of the doctors and the hospital to the patient along with other health professionals and society

Pros of CRISPR

the gene editing tool could cure genetic conditions and help with organ transplants

Cons of CRISPR

it could be used to promote desired traits instead of life-saving traits

Would you pick traits for your kids if you had the choice?

No, I would not. The joys of life stem from someone’s uniqueness. However, if everyone in society was doing it, and I had to do it to ensure my child’s success in life, I would.