BIOFOUND 1.5 The Chemistry of Life Part 2

ionic bonds

when one or more electrons are permanently transferred from one atom to another, typically happens between a metal and a nonmetal

covalent bond

when one or more electrons are shared between two atoms, typically happens between two non metals

electron donor

in an ionic bond, this atom becomes positively charged after giving its electron away, one positive charge for each electron it gives away

electron acceptor

in an ionic bond, this atom becomes negatively charged after receiving an electron, one negative charge for each electron it takes in

by the electrical attraction between the positive and negative ions

how are ions in ionic bonds held together?

the ionic bond is broken but the atoms remain charged

what happens in an ionic compound when dissolved in water?

electrolytes

ions, when dissolved in water

charged ions because they dissolved in water

metals in cells are almost always what?

main positive electrolytes

-sodium ions (NA+)

-magnesium ions (Mg²+)

-calcium ions (CA²+)

-potassium ions (K+)

main negative electrolyte

chloride ions (CI-)

by sharing their electrons with another hydrogen atom

how are hydrogen atoms able to fill their shells?

in pairs

how must electrons always be shared?

more than one pair of electrons

atoms may sometimes share

single bond

a single pair of shared electrons is what (ex. hydrogen gas: H₂)

double bond

two pairs of shared electrons is what (ex. oxygen gas: O₂)

triple bond

three pairs of shared electrons

the electron shells change

what does the process of sharing electrons affect?

the electron shells of both atoms will merge together

when a covalent bond forms

bonding orbital

the merged structure between the electron shells in a covalent bond

a single shell

for the purpose of the octet rule, what is the bonding orbital considered to be?

the amount of valence electrons it needs to satisfy the octet rule

what affects the number of covalent bonds that a non-metal can form

ions

charged atoms