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ionic bonds
when one or more electrons are permanently transferred from one atom to another, typically happens between a metal and a nonmetal
covalent bond
when one or more electrons are shared between two atoms, typically happens between two non metals
electron donor
in an ionic bond, this atom becomes positively charged after giving its electron away, one positive charge for each electron it gives away
electron acceptor
in an ionic bond, this atom becomes negatively charged after receiving an electron, one negative charge for each electron it takes in
by the electrical attraction between the positive and negative ions
how are ions in ionic bonds held together?
the ionic bond is broken but the atoms remain charged
what happens in an ionic compound when dissolved in water?
electrolytes
ions, when dissolved in water
charged ions because they dissolved in water
metals in cells are almost always what?
main positive electrolytes
-sodium ions (NA+)
-magnesium ions (Mg²+)
-calcium ions (CA²+)
-potassium ions (K+)
main negative electrolyte
chloride ions (CI-)
by sharing their electrons with another hydrogen atom
how are hydrogen atoms able to fill their shells?
in pairs
how must electrons always be shared?
more than one pair of electrons
atoms may sometimes share
single bond
a single pair of shared electrons is what (ex. hydrogen gas: H2)
double bond
two pairs of shared electrons is what (ex. oxygen gas: O2)
triple bond
three pairs of shared electrons
the electron shells change
what does the process of sharing electrons affect?
the electron shells of both atoms will merge together
when a covalent bond forms
bonding orbital
the merged structure between the electron shells in a covalent bond
a single shell
for the purpose of the octet rule, what is the bonding orbital considered to be?
the amount of valence electrons it needs to satisfy the octet rule
what affects the number of covalent bonds that a non-metal can form
ions
charged atoms
