3rd lecture microbiology and parasitology

differentiation

A process by which new substances or structures are formed

Metabolism

Ability of the organisms to take in nutrients from outside themselves and use the nutrients in a series of controlled chemical reactions to provide energy and structure needed to grow

Communication

A cells resopnd to chemical signals in their environment

quorum sensing

The ability of bacteria to sense the presence of other bacteria via secreted chemical signals.

prokaryotic cell

Before nucleus, the dominants on earth for almost 2 billion years

appendages

flagella, pili, fimbriae

Glycocalyx

Slime layer, capsule

Flagella

used for motility

Fimbriae

Function is adhering to the environment

Pili

Provide a means for genetic exchange

Monotrichous

single flagellum

Lophotrichous

a tuft of flagella coming from one pole

Amphitrichous

flagella at both poles of the cell

petritrichous

flagella distributed over the entire cell

Chemotaxis

Cell movement that occurs in response to chemical stimulus

Phototaxis

movement in response to light

magnetotaxis

movement to orient within the earth's magnetic field

Glycocalyx

The external surface of a plasma membrane that is important for cell-to-cell communication

Fimbriae

Sticky bristle like projections used to adhere to one another or substances in the environment

Pili

Also called conjugation pili

axial filaments

anchored at one end of a cell, rotation causes cell to move

cell envelope

the boundary layer of bacteria

Gram stain

A staining method that distinguishes between two different kinds of bacterial cell walls.

Hans christian gram

Gram stain was developed by danish physician named

cell wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

Mycoplasma

Bacteria that naturally lack a cell wall

Mycoplasma cell membrane

Stabilized by sterolscand is resistant to lysis

Pleomorphism

Property of extreme variation in shape

L forms

wall-deficient forms of bacteria

Protoplasm

Gram positive cell becomes of when it is exposed to either lyzosome or penicilline and loses its cell wall completely

Spheroplast

Gram negative cell becomes of when exposed to lyzosome or penicillin losing its peptidoglycan but retains its outer membrane, leaving it less fragile

Peptidoglycan

Polymer of 2 monosaccharide subunits

Polysaccharides and chitin

Fungi cell wall

Polysaccharides and cellulose

Algea cell wall

Cell membrane

which protects the cell from its environment consisting of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins

lipoteichoic acid

links to plasma membrane

teichoic acid

Links to peptidoglycan

Polysaccharides

Provide antigenic variation

antigenic variation

Infectious agent alters protein/carbohydrates on its surface and thus avoids a host immune response

simple stain

Smear ➡️Air dry➡️heatfix

Differential stain

Reavt differently with different bacteria

Fixation

Differential stain: Heat to make bacteria stick

crystal violet

Differential stain: Stain purple in peptidoglycan

iodine treatment

Differential stain: Add alcohol called mordants which is a negative charge attracting the crystal violet

Decolorization

Differential stain: Wash away the stains

counter stain

Differential stain: Distingush further

Mycoplasma

Cannot be detected by the naked eye or even typical light microscopy

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A very small bacterium in the class mollicutes, this class of organism lack a peptidoglycan cell wall instead has a cell membrain incorporates cholesterol compound

mycolic acid

Waxy lipids covers thin peptidoglycan layer

acid fast stain

Do not stain well with gram stain use

acid fast

cells that retain a basic stain in the presence of acid-alcohol

basic dyes

cationic, positively charged chromophore

acidic dyes

anionic, negatively charged chromophore

endospore stain

A differential stain used to detect the presence and location of spores in bacterial cells.

flagella staining

mordant applied to increase thickness of flagella

capsule stain

This stain was made using two different stains. This stain is used to detect cells capable of producing biofilm.

Lysozyme

Digest disaccharide in peptidoglycan

pinicillin

Inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan

Nucleoid

Nuclear region containing DNA

Plasmids

Small nonessential circular DNA

inclusion bodies

granules of storage material such as sulfur that accumulate within some bacterial cells

Mesosomes

Cell membrane folds up into cytoplasm and increases the internal surface area for membrane function.

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Cytosol

Fluid portion of cytoplasm

Nucleoid

A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.

Inclusion

deposited substance such as a lipid, gas vesicle, or magnetite, stored within the cytosol of a cell

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

DNA

comprises the genetic material

Nucleoid

Central area of the cell where chromosomes are condensed

Ribosomes

Made of RNA and protein

RNA

helper molecule responsible for carrying out DNAs instruction and translating DNA program into protienthat perform life function

Svedberg unit

Method of characterizing ribosomes

Inclusion

Storage bodies

Endospore

A highly resistant structure for survival

Sporulation

formation of endospores

Producer

Autotrophs

Consumer

Heterotrophs

Plasmid

Other piece of DNA

pleomorphic

organisms that are variable in shape

Cocci

round, spherical bacteria, 0.1 um diameter

Bacilli

Rod shaped bacteria, 1-10 um lenght

Paliside

Formed when the cells of chain remain partially attached by a small hinge region at the end

Spirilla

Small, comma shaped

Proteobacteria

largest phylum of bacteria

Ninpathogenic bacteria

Free living and not involve in disease

Photosynthetic bacteria

These are the bacteria who use photosynthesis to produce their food. They use the sun's energy to do their food processing. They are living with the Aerobic Bacteria- and have been living after the Anaerobic Bacteria.

Cyanobacteria

blue-green algae

Thylakoid

a membrane system found within chloroplasts that contains the components for photosynthesis

Cyanobacteria

first organisms to perform oxygenic photosynthesis

Rickettsia and chlamydias

Are with in the gram negative group but are small obligate intracellulatr parasiteparasite that replicate within cells of the hosts they invade

Lice

Endemic typus transmitted by

Streptomycin and nocardicin

The actanmycetes produce antibiotics such as

binary fission

asexual reproduction, involves the copying DNA and the splitting intot two new cells

Conjugation

sexual reproduction, one bacteria is able to transfer its DNA into another bacteria by means of a pilus

Penicillin

Interferes with cell wall production

Tetracycline

Interferes with protein production

Sulfa drugs

Produced in the laboratory

Broad

Spectrum antibiotics will affect a wide vareity of organisms