Biology Finals Semester 1

hypothesis

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation

theory

a supposition or a system of idea intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained

data

facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis

control

a group or individual used as a standard of comparison for checking the results of a survey or experiment

experiment

a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact

variable

an element, feature or factor that is liable to vary or change

independent variable

this variable is being changed

dependent variable

this variable is being measured

which variable goes on the x and y axis when designing a graph

dependent: y independent: x

can theories change

yes, theories can change as new information is discovered

what is qualitative data

cannot be shown in numbers but can be described. example: qualities, color, beauty

what is quantitative data

measures things with numerical value, height, weight

what do you use when making observations

5 senses

what are the steps of the scientific method in order

observe, define the problem, hypothesis, experiment, analyze results, conclusion using data, communicate

name 8 characteristics for life

sensitivity, response to the environment, reproduction, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, energy processing

autotrophs

make their own food

heterotroph

must obtain food through other methods like consuming producers

4 kinds of heterotrophs and examples

herbivores: tortoise carnivores: lion omnivores; me decomposers: fungus

examples of abiotic factors

rock, cloud, water

examples of biotic factors

plant, cat, human, tree

what are the 3 symbiotic relationships and examples

mutualism: squirrel plants acorn from tree. parasitism: flea on a dog

commensalism: remora attaches to shark

how is a population related to a community

a population only has one type of species, whereas a community has multiple. there are many populations within a community

what is the 10% rule?

10% of energy from an organism is transferred to the organism on the next trophic level

most of the energy available to a consumer trophic level is used by organisms for?

transferring to the next trophic level

what processes does carbon cycle through the biosphere in?

respiration, combustion, decomposition,

can a biomass and number pyramid have a smaller first trophic level than second trophic level? why?

yes. because the organisms on the first trophic level reproduce very quickly

how can a predator increase the numbers of certain species in its habitat?

killing other competitors

what do the trophic levels in Figure 3-2 illustrate?

the energy levels

what is the difference bewteen immigration and emigration?

immigration is entering, emigration is leaving

what are the 2 types of growth curves?

J curve and S curve

what is a limiting factor?

something in the environment limiting growth

define and give an example of a density independent factor

influence a population’s birth or death rates regardless of its density. ex: natural disaster

define and give an example of a density dependent factor

biological factors that affect the size of a population in response to its density. ex: disease

define carry capacity and predict waht will happen after a population exceeds carrying capacity?

the maximum number of organisms that can be sustained by a habitat. when a population exceeds carrying capacity, its resources will become drained and its inhabitants will starve. The population will decrease

what is the difference between a niche and a habitat?

niche: a specific role played by organisms in an ecosystem ie profession. habitat: particular place where organisms live

what are the 3 components of ATP?

adenines, ribose, 3 phosphate chain

what structure contains the genetic information of an individual?

DNA

what cells do not have a nucleus?

prokaryotic cells

do prokaryotes have DNA?

no

what do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common? list 3

cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes,

which types of cells do bacteria fall into?

prokaryotic

if a cell had a cell wall and a nucleus, which type would it resemble?

eukaryotic

list 3 differences between plant and animal cells

plant cells have larger vacuoles, a choloroplast and a cell wall

what is the function of the mitochondria

to produce ATP through respiration

what do chloroplast do?

carry out photosynthesis

put the following in order from most timple to most complex: organism, cell, organ, tissue, organ system

cells, tissue, organ, organ systems, organism

what organelles does photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place in?

chloroplast, mitochondria

if a cell is placed into a hypertonic solution what will happen to the cell?

it will shrink

what happens to a cell when placed into a hypotonic solution?

it will swell

what happens to a cell when placed into a isotonic solution?

it will stay the same

the definition of diffusion is the movement of ___ from ___ concentration to ____ concentration

solutes from high concentration to low concentration

what is the plasma membrane made up of? be able to identify the mosaic structure from your notes

lipids

list the types of active transport and what does active transport require?

exocytosis, endocytosis. requires energy

list the types of passive transport

osmosis, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion,

active transport goes ____ the concentration gradient

against

what is turgor pressure and what type of cells does this occur in?

the force exerted by stored water against a cell wall. Only occurs in plant, fungi or bacteria cells

what is facilitated diffusion and does it require energy?

uses a protein channel to move molecules along the correct ration gradient. it does not require energy

what is endocytosis and exocytosis?

endocytosis: substances brought into cell. exocytosis: substance moving out of a cell. they both require energy. They move vesicles in and out of the membrane

what type of molecules annot get through the plasma membrane passively?

charged ions and large polar molecules (glucose)

review the diagram of plasma membrane and be able to identify structure and answer questions

see diagram

what are the 2 sets of reactions in photosynthesis called?

light dependent and light independent

where does each set of reaction in photosynthesis take place in the chloroplast?

light dependent - thylokoid. light independent - stroma

what type of cells in a leaf contain chloroplasts therefore undergo photosynthesis?

mesophyll cells

what is the heavy waxy gcoating on the outside of most leaves called?

cuticle

what is the purposes of the stomata?

they allow CO2 to enter and oxygen to leave

where would you find guard cells in a leaf?

on the bottom side

what is chlorophyll and where is it located in the chloroplast?

chlorophyll: green pigment in leaves in the thylakoid

what are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?

6 CO2 + 6 H2O with light yields C6H12O6 + 6O2

what is carbon fixation and what set of reactions is it part of?

Co2 from atmosphere is converted to organic compounds used to store energy by living organisms - light independent. part of the Calvin cycle

what types of organisms can undergo photosynthesis?

autotrophs

what does increasing the temperature do to the rate of photosynthesis?

increases

what is photoinhibition and what condition causes it?

when there is too much light it slows the photosynthesis rate

what is photorespiration and what condition causes it?

higher plants take up oxygen in the light and give out CO2: when there isn’t enough CO2 so oxygen takes it place.

why do plants close their stomates when it is very hot, dry or sunny?

so they can retain water

Identify which waves lengths that plants functions the best

red and blue

review the diagram of photosynthesis and be able to answer questions

OK!

review the diagram of leaf and be able to identify structure and answer quesitons

ok

what is the chemical equation for respiration?

62H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O

what part of the cell does each process take place in? glycolysis, Krebs cycle and ETC

mitochondrial: glycolysis - cytoplasm, Krebs cycle: mitochondriol matrix. ETC: mitrochondrial membrane

what happens during glycolysis and what does it require?

4 ATP are produced, 2 are used (net 2) and 2 NADH are produced. 1 molecule of glucose is split into 2 pyruvate. H requires the use of 2 ATP.

what is the final electon acceptor and what does it form?

o2. it forms water

when does fermentation occur and what are the differnet type and what is produced in each?

occurs when there is no oxygen present. Lactic acid fermentation produces cellular energy and lactate. Alcohol fermentation produces alcohol and CO2.

which stage of cellular respiration produces the most energy?

the electron transport chain produces 34 ATP

which molecules act as electron carriers during cellular respiration?

NADH and FADH2

review the diagram of cellular respiration and be able to answer questions

ok

compare and contrast the 2 processes of respiration

aerobic respiration uses oxygen, but anaerobic does not. anaerobic also results in fermentation

compare and contrast end products and starting material with photosynthesis and cellular respiration

photosynthesis: Co2 and water starting materials. Respiration: glucose and oxygen starting materials. Photosynthesis: glucose and oxygen - ending materials. Respiration - CO2 and water - ending materials.