Chapter 17-Ap World Vocab

Age of Revolution

Period of political upheaval in Europe and the Americas beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848.

population revolution

High growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased by 50%, England and Prussia by 100%

proto-Industrialization

Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile amd metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution.

American Revolution

Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of the United States of America.

French Revolution

Revolution in France between 1789 and 1800s; resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes; ended with establishment of French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte; source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe

Louis XVI

(1754-1793) Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution (1789); proclaimed the fundamental equality of all French citizens; later beame a political source for other liberal movements.

guillotine

introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized to execute thousands during the most radical phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror

Nationalism

Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin

Napoleon Bonaparte

(1769-1821) Rose within the French army during the wars of the French Revolution; eventually became general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution; established French Empire udner his rule; was defeated and deposed in 1815

Congress of Vienna

Meeting in the aftermath of Napoleonic Wars (1815) to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes

conservative

Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the nineteenth century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated defense of the monarchy and the church

Liberal

Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the nineteenth cenutry; stressed limited state interference in individual life and representation of propertied poeple in governmnet; urged importance of constituional rule and parliaments

Radical

political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of the lower classes

Greek Revolution

Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans.

Reform Bill of 1832

Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain

Chartist movement

Attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform Bill of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed

Demographic transition

Dramatic new population pattern involving low birth and infant death rates, slower population growth, new age structure and life expectancy. First emerged in the West by the late 19th century, later spread globally

Louis Pasteur

(1822-1895) French scientist who discovered relationship between germs and disease in 19th century leading to better sanitation

America Civil War

Fought from 1861 to 1865; first application of Industrial Revolutiont o warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in the United States and reunification of North and South.

trasformismo

Political system in late 19th century Italy that promoted alliance of conservatives and liberals; parliamentary deputies of all parties supported the status quo.

social question

issues relating to lower classes in Western Europe during the Industrial Revolution, particulary workers and women, became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870.

socialism

Political movement with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploitation of the working man.

Karl Marx

(1818-1883) German socialist who blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian; saw histyory as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necesity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatorship

Revisionism

socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social reforms could be achieved gradually through political institutions

feminist movements

Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education came to concentrate on rights to vote; won support particulary from middle class women; active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th cenutry; revived in light of other issues in the 1960s.

mass leisure culture

An aspect of the later industrial revolution; based on newspapers, musical halls, popular theater, vacation trips and team sports

Charles Darwin

(1809-1882) Biologist who developed theory of evolution of species (1859); argued that all living species evolved into their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival

Albert Einstein

(1879-1955) Developed mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; after 1900 issued theory of relativity

Romanticism

A movement in early 19th century Western art and literature than highlighted styles that could convey emotion, often challenging the established canon; associated with nationalist passions

Triple Alliance

Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to WW1

Triple Entente

Alliance among Britain, Russia and France at the outset of the 20th century, part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to WW1

Balkan nationalism

Movement to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman EMpire; provoked a series of crisis within the European alliance system; eventually led to WW1