ANT L Final (TERMS ONLY, no diagrams)

Which type of muscle tissue is highly branched, possess intercalated discs and is comprised of cells having a single nucleus?

cardiac

Which cellular component/feature do skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle share?

large number of mitochondria

Which type of muscle tissue is comprised of multinucleated, striated cells that are under voluntary control?

skeletal

Why do skeletal muscle cells contain high numbers of mitochondria?

 

to supply the ATP needed for skeletal muscle function

Which type of muscle tissue is comprised of cells that lack striations?

smooth

What transport process is used when acetylcholine (ACh) is released into the synaptic cleft?

exocytosis

Acetylcholine is a(n) __________, which is a type of chemical released by neurons that changes the plasma membrane permeability or other properties of another cell.

neurotransmitter

What are two ways that ACh is removed from the synaptic cleft?

diffusion and break down by acetylcholinesterase

During contraction, the entire skeletal muscle shortens and produces a pull on the tendons on either end of the muscle. This is called ___________.

tension

When an action potential travels along the sarcolemma, it triggers the release of calcium ions by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). What part of the SR releases calcium?   

 

terminal cisternae

Interactions between thin and thick myofilaments of the sarcomere are responsible for ________.

muscle contraction

_______ covers the active sites of actin prior to calcium binding to troponin.

tropomyosin

“Cocking” the myosin head requires energy. What molecule acts as an ATPase to break down ATP for the energy needed to cock the myosin head?

myosin

An action potential in the axon terminal of a motor neuron opens what type of ion channels?

 

voltage-gated calcium channels

Binding of neurotransmitter to the receptors on the motor end plate opens what type of ion channels? 

chemically-gated channels

Once an action potential is propagated down the t-tubules, the terminal cisternae release ___________.

calcium ions

During events in the cross bridge cycle, which molecule has a binding site for calcium ions?

troponin

During events in the cross bridge cycle, which molecule covers the actin binding site?

tropomyosin

During events in the cross bridge cycle, which molecule has a binding site for myosin heads?

actin

What molecule must bind to the myosin head in order for it to disconnect with actin?

ATP

Hydrolysis of ATP returns the myosin molecule to the _________________________ conformation

high-energy

Latin words have been used to assign descriptive names to skeletal muscles. When naming muscles, magnus means __________, and brevis means __________.

large; short

Using your knowledge of scientific root words, joint movements, and how muscles are named, what is the description and function of the extensor hallicus brevis muscle?

  

short muscle that extends the big toe

Which of the following muscles is a circular muscle?

orbicularis occuli

Which of the following muscles is a convergent muscle?

pectoralis major

Using your knowledge of the medical prefix “soma”, which of the following descriptions would best define a “somatic cell”?

a body cell

Neurons have a structure called an axolemma. Using your knowledge of neural tissue and medical root words, prefixes, and suffixes, define axolemma.

axon’s outer layer

What neuron structure functions to propagate electrical signals (action potentials) to a target?

axon

Dense areas of RER and ribosomes located in the neuron’s cell body are called __________.

nissl bodies

What neuron structure receives information from other neurons?

dendrites

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) neuroglial cells called _________ are responsible for the formation of a myelin sheath, while Central Nervous System (CNS) neuroglial cells called __________ are responsible for the formation of a myelin sheath. 

 

Schwann cells/oligodendrocytes

What CNS neuroglial cell type maintains the blood-brain barrier?

astrocytes

Which CNS neuroglial cells remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis?

microglia

Which type of neuroglial type would increase in number in the brain tissue of a person with a CNS infection?

microglia

What body regions are supplied by nerves from the cervical enlargement?

 

shoulder and upper limbs

What body regions are supplied by nerves from the lumbar enlargement?

pelvic structures and lower limbs

Every spinal segment is associated with a pair of dorsal root ganglia located near the spinal cord. These ganglia contain the ________ of sensory neurons

cell bodies

Dorsal roots contain axons that bring ______ information to the spinal cord and ventral roots contain axons that bring _______ commands away from the spinal cord.

sensory/motor

Spinal nerves are considered “mixed nerves”. What does this mean?

they contain both afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) fibers

Where would a doctor perform a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) on a patient?

 

subarachnoid space

In the spinal cord, gray matter is functionally organized into _________ while white matter is organized into _________.

horns/columns

Which nerve of the cervical nerve plexus innervates the diaphragm?

 

phrenic nerve

What would be a likely result of damage to the phrenic nerve?

difficulty or cessation of breathing depending upon the extent of damage

Carpel Tunnel Syndrome is a condition caused by compression of nerves that innervate the hand, resulting in tingling and numbness in certain fingers and the palm of the hand. Which plexus do these nerves belong to?

brachial plexus

Femoral neuropathy resulting from damage to the femoral nerve can cause symptoms of numbness or tingling in the leg. Which nerve plexus does the femoral nerve belong to?

lumbar plexus

Sciatica is a painful condition caused by pressure on the sciatic nerve, which results in sensations of pain radiating down the leg. Which plexus is the sciatic nerve associated with?

sacral plexus

A nerve cell found entirely with the CNS that that acts as a link between sensory neurons (afferent nerves) and motor neurons (efferent nerves) is called _____________.

 

an interneuron

Why is anyone who previously had chickenpox at risk of developing shingles?

chickenpox and shingles are caused by the same virus, but shingles occurs from the activation of the dormant virus within the spinal cord

Rudolf has developed a painful condition called shingles. What virus is associated with this condition?

varicella-zoster virus

Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when tissue swelling causes pressure within the carpal tunnel that can result in tingling and numbness of the thumb and certain fingers on the effected hand. What nerve that runs through the carpal tunnel is being affected?

median nerve

Symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome are caused by the compression of a certain nerve located in carpal tunnel of the wrist. When symptoms are moderate to severe, a physician may advise the patient to undergo a carpal tunnel release procedure. What is done during the procedure that releases the pressure in the carpal tunnel?

the transverse carpal ligament is cut

Dorsal root carries _____________ sensory information while the ventral root carries __________ motor information.

afferent; efferent

You are observing a cross section of the spinal cord. How can you differentiate the anterior portion from the posterior portion based on white matter anatomy?

the anterior portion has a well-defined fissure, while the posterior has a sulcus

Spinal cord white matter surrounds the butterfly- or H-shaped gray matter. White matter is divided into posterior (dorsal), lateral; and anterior (ventral) ___________ (referred to as columns in your textbook).

funiculi

The surface layer of gray matter that covers the cerebrum’s white matter is called

cerebral cortex

Which brain structure is divided into left and right hemispheres that are connected by the corpus callosum?

cerebrum

Elevated ridges of the cerebral cortex are called _________, whereas shallow depressions of the cerebral cortex are called _________.

gyri/sulci

Which brain structure has a branching pattern of white matter called arbor vitae?

cerebellum

Which brain structure has three divisions called the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus?

diencephalon

Which part of the diencephalon is responsible for regulating body temperature and controlling circadian rhythm?

hypothalamus

What gland is attached to the hypothalamus by a structure called the infundibulum?

pituitary

Which part of the brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord?

medulla oblongata

The area within each ventricle that produces CSF is called

choroid plexus

What is the function of the cranial meninges?

protect the brain from cranial trauma

Where is cerebrospinal fluid contained within the cranial meninges?

subarachnoid space

Which neuroglial cell type anchors pia mater to the surface of the brain?

astrocytes

CNS regions that are dominated by myelinated axons are called ___________, and CNS regions that are dominated by neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, and unmyelinated axons are called ___________.

white matter/gray matter

The classification of cranial nerves that are comprised of both motor and sensory fibers is called _____________ nerves.

mixed

The arrival of somatic sensory information to the CNS is called a ________________ and becoming aware of the sensory information is called ________________.

sensation/perception

A mechanoreceptor is stimulated by distortions of its plasma membrane, but is not stimulated by warm or cool temperatures, or joint and muscle position. This characteristic is known as_________.

receptor specificity

The larger the ____________, the lesser the ability to identify the precise location of the original stimulus.

 

receptive field

Sam burns his finger while lighting a campfire. The pain continues for hours. What type of sensory receptor has been stimulated in respect to activity and adaptation?

tonic/slow adapting

What physical characteristic explains why Type A fibers are associated with fast pain and Type C fibers are associated with slow pain?

type A fibers are myelinated and type C fibers are non-myelinated

What type general sensory receptor would detect pain from a sunburn?

nociceptors

What type general sensory receptor would detect the sensation of going outdoors during the winter in Alaska after leaving a heated home?

thermoreceptors

What type of tactile receptor is the most abundant receptor in the eyelids, lips, fingers, nipples and external genitalia?

Meissner corpuscle

 

Which type of sensory receptor in the skin is associated with sensitivity to shape and texture?

Merkel disc

Which type of sensory receptors are the only ones on the corneal surface of the eye?

free nerve ending

Which type of sensory receptor in the skin detects fine touch, pressure, and low frequency vibration?

Meissner corpuscle

Which type of sensory receptor in the skin detects pulsing or high-frequency vibration?

pacinian corpuscle

Which type of tactile receptor is made of one Merkel cell and one sensory terminal?

tactile disc

What type of mechanoreceptor monitors activities such as blood pressure, lung expansion, and urinary and defecation reflexes?

baroreceptor

What type of proprioceptor detects joint pressure, tension, and movement?

receptors in joint capsules

What type of proprioceptor monitors skeletal muscles and triggers stretch reflexes?

muscle spindles

What type of proprioceptor detects tension in the tendon during muscle contraction?

 golgi tendon organs

What type general sensory receptor would detect changes in pH of the CSF?

chemoreceptors

What type of general sensory receptor detects pH, carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in arterial blood?

chemoreceptors

Regional sensitivity to light touch can be checked using several different methods. What test can give a more detailed sensory map of tactile receptors?

two-point discrimination test

The clinical term *_________________* means the presence of abnormal sensations such as the pricking sensation when an arm or leg "falls asleep" as a result of pressure on a peripheral nerve.

paresthesia

When sensory signals on the left side of the body are sent to the brain for processing, which part of the brain does the processing?

right side parietal sensory cortex

Which sensory receptors are located in the dermal papillae near the surface of the dermis?

Meissner's corpuscles

What part of the nerve cell receives sensory receptor information in the dermis?

dendrites

What sensory receptors are located deep in the dermis and in the upper hypodermis, and are also known as lamellated corpuscles?

Pacinian corpuscles

What kind of sensory receptors are thermoreceptors?

free nerve endings

What kind of sensory receptors are itch and tickle receptors? Where are they located?

free nerve endings in the dermis

What molecule stimulates itch receptors in a patient who has jaundice?

bile salts

Which of the following structures is NOT an ANS visceral effector?

skeletal muscle

The ____________ division of the ANS is involved with “Fight or Flight” responses, and the _____________ division of the ANS is involved with “Rest and Digest” responses.

sympathetic/parasympathetic

How many efferent peripheral neurons are used to propagate motor signals for voluntary movements from the CNS to its effector organ?

1

How many efferent peripheral neurons are used to propagate motor signals for involuntary movements from the CNS directly to its effector organ? \[not including the sympathetic adrenal medulla pathway\]

2