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Upper gastrointestinal tract
Includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
Lower gastrointestinal tract
Includes the small intestine (except duodenum), large intestine, rectum, and anus.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Chronic condition with stomach acid flowing back into the esophagus.
Dyspepsia
Indigestion or discomfort in upper abdomen with bloating, nausea, and burping.
Gastroparesis
Condition where the stomach can't empty food normally due to weak muscle contractions.
Peptic ulcer
Sore on stomach, small intestine, or esophagus lining due to stomach acid erosion.
Melena
Black, tarry stools indicating digested blood presence from bleeding ulcer.
Hematemesis
Vomiting blood, often indicating bleeding in upper gastrointestinal tract.
Gastric ulcer
Type of peptic ulcer specifically on the stomach lining.
Duodenal ulcer
Type of peptic ulcer in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Group of inflammatory conditions in colon and small intestine, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Tenesmus
Feeling of incomplete evacuation after a bowel movement, often with pain and straining.
Toxic megacolon
Severe complication of inflammatory bowel disease where the colon rapidly dilates and is at risk for perforation
Celiac disease
Autoimmune disorder where ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine
Portal hypertension
Increased blood pressure within the portal venous system, often due to liver disease like cirrhosis
Ascites
Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, causing abdominal swelling
Portosystemic shunts
Blood vessels that bypass the liver, forming due to portal hypertension, allowing toxins to circulate systemically
Collateral veins
Secondary veins that form to bypass a blockage or high pressure area, often seen in portal hypertension
Asterixis
Flapping tremor of the hands when the wrists are extended, often seen in hepatic encephalopathy
Jaundice
Yellowing of the skin and eyes due to high levels of bilirubin in the blood
Icterus
Another term for jaundice, indicating a yellowish pigmentation of the skin and sclerae
Splenomegaly
Enlargement of the spleen, often due to increased pressure in the portal venous system
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver, caused by viral infections, toxins, or autoimmune conditions
Acute hepatitis
Short-term liver inflammation resulting from viral infections, toxins, or drugs
Chronic hepatitis
Long-term liver inflammation lasting more than six months, often due to persistent viral infections or autoimmune conditions
Cirrhosis
Irreversible scarring of the liver, often due to long-term damage from alcohol, hepatitis, or other chronic liver diseases
Hepatotoxin
A substance that is toxic to the liver, causing damage to liver cells.
Liver failure
A severe decline in liver function, leading to the inability to perform essential metabolic processes.
Fetor hepaticus
A sweet, musty odor of the breath due to volatile substances normally processed by the liver being released through the lungs.
Purpura
Purple-colored spots and patches that occur on the skin due to small blood vessels leaking blood.
Petechiae
Small, pinpoint red or purple spots on the skin caused by minor bleeding from broken capillaries.
Spider angioma
A cluster of small, dilated blood vessels near the surface of the skin, resembling a spider web.
Epistaxis
Nosebleed, which can be caused by a variety of factors including trauma, dry air, or underlying health conditions.
Cholelithiasis
The formation of gallstones in the gallbladder.
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder, often due to blockage by gallstones.
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas, which can be acute or chronic and is often associated with gallstones or chronic alcohol use.
Acute pancreatitis
A sudden inflammation of the pancreas that can cause severe abdominal pain and requires immediate medical attention.
Chronic pancreatitis
Long-term inflammation of the pancreas that leads to irreversible damage and can result in digestive and endocrine dysfunction.