Part 1 Chiropractic Boards: Spinal Anatomy -- Osteology, Myology, & Arthrology

How many deciduous teeth are there (before age 3)? How many adult teeth do we have?

Deciduous = 20 teeth

Adult = 32

What are the 5 layers of the tooth from top to bottom?

1) Enamel

2) Dentin

3) Pulp (nerves/vessels)

4) Cementum

5) Root

What is the connecting point of the superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, and occipital sinus found deep to the EOP and IOP, draining into the left and right transverse sinus?

Confluence of sinuses

Ossification of the skull begins around what weeks in embryo?

(Common NBQ)

7-8 weeks

What 2 bones make up the Coronal suture?

(Common NBQ)

Frontal & Parietal

NOTE: Front of forehead think of coronal plane so frontal bone

What 2 bones make up the Sagittal suture?

(Common NBQ)

2 parietal bones

NOTE: SAgittal is SAme bone

What 2 bones make up the Lambdoid suture?

(Common NBQ)

Paretal & occipital

What 2 bones make up the Squamous suture?

(Common NBQ)

Temporal & Parietal

NOTE: Parietal in ALL sutures

What are the two parts of the ethmoid bone? Which is superior and which is inferior?

1) Cribriform plate (inferior)

2) Crista galli (superiorly)

What are the 3 parts of the Maxillary bone?

1) Hard palate

2-3) Palatine & Orbital Processes

What are the 5 major structures of the Sphenoid bone?

1) Sella turcica

2) Foramen ovale

3) Foramen rotundum

4) Foramen lacerum

5) Foramen spinosum

What bone is NOT a part of the Orbit? What are the 7 bones that do make up the orbit?

Nasal Bone is NOT part of Orbit

Orbit:

1) Sphenoid

2) Frontal

3) Zygomatic

4) Palatine

5) Ethmoid

6) Lacrimal

7) Maxillary

What bone is the mastoid a part of?

Temporal bone

When does ossification of the Vertebral column begin in embryo?

(Common NBQ)

Week 7-8

NOTE: same as the skull!!

How many primary ossification centers are there for the vertebral column? Where are they located? When is this completed?

3 primary ossification centers

1) Body (centrum)

2 & 3 ) each vertebral arch (becoming lamina & pedicles)

Completed by 3-6 years old

How many secondary ossification centers are there for the vertebral column? Where are they located? When is this completed?

5 secondary ossification centers

1) Tip of SP

2 & 3 ) TPs

4 & 5) Annular ring epiphyses (superior & inferior aspect of body)

Completed by 25th year

How are the lumbar vertebra different from the usual 5 secondary ossification centers of the rest of the vertebral column?

Lumbars have 2 additional ossification centers for Mamillary processes

How many rib pairs are there? What are the "Typical" ribs? Atypical?

(Common NBQ)

12 pairs

Typical = 3-9

Atypical = 1, 2, 11, 12

NOTE: All the 1's and 2's are atypical

What are bones with no direct sternal attachment (attach by costal cartilage) called?

Flat bones

What are 4 characteristics that make the 1st rib atypical?

1) Shortest

2) Costochondral joint articulates manubrium

3) Scalene tubercle location

4) Support subclavian vessels

What are 3 characteristics that make the 2nd rib atypical?

1) Thinner

2) 2x length of Rib 1

3) Serratus Anterior tuberosity

What are 5 characteristics that make the 11th and 12th ribs atypical?

1) Short

2) NO neck or tubercle

3) Floaters (no articulation w/ sternum; only articulates w/ vertebral body)

4) Single facet on head

5) End capped cartilage

Where is the jugular notch (suprasternal notch) on the manubrium located?

(Common NBQ)

Anterior to T3 & T4 vertebra

What is the location where the manubrium and sternum meet called? Why is this location important?

(Common NBQ)

Angle of Louis

2nd rib attachment

Where is the body of the sternum (gladiolus) located? What forms the lateral border of the body of the sternum (gladiolus)?

(Common NBQ)

Located T5-T9

Costal notches form lateral border

What is the name of the joint that connects the Xiphoid process to the sternum? Why is the xiphoid process' location important?

Xiphisternal cartilaginous joint

The xiphoid process' location is a landmark for what 3 things?

1) diaphragm

2) diaphragmatic surface of the liver

3) inferior border of the heart

How many fused vertebra make up the Sacrum? By what age do these fully fuse?

5 fused vertebra

by age 25

What part of the sacrum is the sacral promontory? The lateral sides (wings)? Where the branches of sacral spinal nerves pass through? The area that articulates with the coccyx?

Base

Ala

Sacral foramina

Apex

The medial sacral crest is fusion of what feature of the traditional vertebra? How about the intermediate sacral crest?

Medial = Spinous processes

Intermediate = transverse processes

Most lumbar facets are what directionality?

Coronal

What are the 4 motor unit boundaries of the IVF?

1) Pedicle

2) Facets

3) Body

4) Disc

What feature in the cervical spine connects the lateral masses of atlas?

Posterior arch

What is the landmark for the Hyoid bone?

C3

What is the landmark for the Cornu of the thyroid?

C4

What is the landmark for the body of the thyroid?

C5

What is the landmark of the Cricoid cartilage & the Carotid tubercle?

C6

What is the other name for C1? C2?

Atlas

Axis

How many atypical vertebra are there in adults?

9

What range of vertebra are the Joints of Luska?

C2-C6

What is the lowest vertebral level of the vertebral artery passing thorugh?

C6

What are the 5 muscles of the face? What are they innervated by?

1) Orbicularis oculi

2) Zygomaticus (major)

3) Mentalis

4) Orbicularis oris

5) Buccinator

NOTE: Face are innervated by the FACIAL nerve

What are the 3 muscles of the tongue? What are they innervated by?

1) Genioglossus

2) Hyoglossus

3) Styloglossus

NOTE: Tongue are innervated by the HYPOGLOSSAL nerve

What is the action of the obicularis oculi?

eyelid sphincter

NOTE: closes eyelid

What is the action of the zygomaticus (major)?

Mouth angle back & up

NOTE: Smile (along w/ minor)

What is the action of the mentalis?

Raises lower lip

WHat is the action of the obicularis oris?

Contracts/protrudes lips

NOTE: Kissing muscle

What is the action of the buccinator?

Compresses cheeks

NOTE: also helps w/ kissing

What is the action of the Genioglossus?

Protrudes tongue

NOTE: Genie sticks its tongue out at you as you make your wishes

What is the action of the Hyoglossus?

Depress tongue

What is the action of the Styloglossus?

Retract & Elevate tongue

NOTE: Take your tongue to the sky

What muscle of the face/tongue is involved in laughing?

Zygomaticus (major)

What muscle of the face/tongue is involved with expression of doubt/disdain?

Mentalis

What muscle of the face/tongue is involved in expelling air and aiding in mastication?

Buccinator

What is the origin & insertion of the Zygomaticus (major)?

O = zygomatic

I = mouth corner

NOTE: Zygomatic = name; think it raises mouth corner so would insert there

What is the origin & insertion of the Orbicularis oculi?

O = frontal & maxilla

I = eyelid

NOTE: Think it closes eyelids so would insert into eyes

What is the origin & insertion of the Mentalis?

O = Mandible

I = Chin

What is the origin & insertion of Obicularis oris?

O = Maxilla & Mandible

I = Mouth

NOTE: Think its involved in puckering lips

What is the origin & insertion of the Genioglossus?

O = Mandible

I = Hyoid & Tongue

NOTE: muscle of tongue so makes sense inserts there

What is the origin & insertion of the Hyoglossus?

O = Hyoid

I = Tongue

NOTE: It's in the NAME

What is the origin & insertion of the Styloglossus?

O = Temporal

I = tongue

NOTE: It's in the NAME (styloid process on temporal)

What are the 4 muscles of mastication? What are these muscles innervated by?

(Common NBQ)

1. temporalis

2. masseter

3. medial pterygoid

4. lateral pterygoid

CN V (trigeminal)

What is the action of the temporalis?

Elevate & retract jaw

NOTE: Think moving jaw towards your temple

What is the action of the masseter?

Elevate jaw

What is the action of the medial (internal) pterygoid?

Elevate & protract jaw

What is the action of the lateral (external) pterygoid?

Protrude jaw & Depress

NOTE: The only muscle of mastication that DEPRESSES the jaw

What muscle is the prime mover of jaw closure?

Masseter

What is the origin & insertion of the Temporalis?

O = temporal

I = Coronoid of mandible

What is the origin & insertion fo the Masseter?

O = zygomatic arch

I = mandible

T/F: TMJ has a disc

TRUE

What are the 2 muscles of the superficial neck? What are these innervated by?

1) Platysma (CN VII - Facial)

2) SCM (CN XI - Accessory)

What is the action of the Platysma?

Depress lower lip & jaw

NOTE: opposite of mentalis (which raises lower lip)

What is the action of the SCM?

Ipsilateral head tilt, Contralateral Rotation

Both: Flexion

What is the origin & insertion of the SCM?

O = Manubrium of sternum & clavicle

I = Mastoid

What are the 4 suprahyoid muscles? What are they innervated by?

(Common NBQ)

1) Digastric (2 bellies -- CN 5 & 7)

2) Stylohyoid (CN 7)

3) Mylohyoid (CN 5)

4) Geniohyoid (CN 1 & 12)

NOTE: Digastric both 5 & 7, Styloid think attaches to face so 7, Mylohyoid is then the other one of digastric so 5; finally geniohyoid think taste & tongue movement so 1 & 12

What is the action of the 2 bellies of the digastric?

Elevate hyoid & depress jaw

What is the action of the Stylohyoid?

Elevates & retract hyoid

What is the action of the Mylohyoid?

Elevates hyoid

What is the action of the Geniohyoid?

Pulls hyoid anterior & up

Where are the suprahyoid muscles located? What is their collective function?

Floor of oral cavity

Anchors tongue

What is the origin & insertion of the digastric (2 bellies)

O = mandible & Mastoid

I = hyoid

What are the 4 Infrahyoid muscles? What are they innervated by?

(Common NBQ)

1. Sternohyoid

2. Sternothyroid

3. Omohyoid (2 bellies)

(innervated: C1-C3)

4. Thyrohyoid (C1 via XII)

NOTE: TOSS

What is the action of the sternohyoid?

Depress hyoid

NOTE: Think pull hyoid down toward sternum

What is the action of the sternothyroid?

Pulls thyroid cartilage down

NOTE: Think pulls thyroid (cartilage) toward sternum (down)

What is the action of the omohyoid (2 bellies)?

Depress & retract hyoid

What is the action of the thyrohyoid?

Depresses hyoid & elevates thyroid cartilage

NOTE: Brings the hyoid & thyroid (cartilage) closer together

What is the collective function of the infrahyoid muscles (TOSS)?

Swallowing & speaking

(Strap muscles)

What is the origin & insertion of the Sternohyoid?

O = manubrium

I = hyoid

What is the origin & insertion of the sternothyroid?

O = manubrium

I = thyroid

What is the origin & insertion of the omohyoid (2 bellies)?

O = scapula

I = hyoid

What is the origin & insertion of the thyrohyoid?

O = thyroid

I = hyoid

NOTE: all of the infrahyoid muscles ending in hyoid (all but sternothyroid) will insert into the hyoid!

What are the 4 vertebral muscles of the head and neck?

1) Longus colli

2) Scalenus anterior

3) Scalenus medius

4) Scalenus posterior

What 3 muscles are involved in thoracic outlet syndrome with brachial plexus trapping?

Scalenus anterior, medius, & posterior

What is the innervation of the Longus colli?

Primary rami C2-C8

What is the innervation of the Scalenus anterior & posterior? Scalenus medius?

Primary rami C5-C8

Primary rami C3-C4

What is the action of Longus Colli?

One: Lateral flex

Both: flexes & rotates vertebra

What is the action of Scalenus anterior & medius?

Elevate 1st rib, flex & rotate vertebra

What is the action of Scalenus posterior?

Both: Elevate 2nd rib, flex & rotate vertebra

One: Lateral flex

NOTE: All the head/neck vertebral muscles involved in flexing & rotating the vertebra; Longus colli & scalenus posterior have a unilateral (lateral flex) and bilateral function

Where does the longus colli attach?

(Common NBQ)

anterior tubercle of atlas

What is the origin & insertion of the Scalenus anterior, medius, and posterior?

O = TVP of cervicals

I = first 2 ribs

NOTE: They will elevate 1st (anterior & medius) and 2nd rib (posterior)