South Africa -- Apartheid

In which year did the National Party come to power under D.F. Malan?

1948

What percentage of the popular vote did the National Party win in the 1948 election?

38 %

Which organisation provided ideological direction for Afrikaner Christian nationalism?

Broederbond

Which 1953 Act created a racially segregated curriculum and removed subsidies from mission schools?

Bantu Education Act

The policy of 'separate development' under Hendrik Verwoerd sought primarily to achieve:

Territorial segregation through Bantustans

Which mixed‑race Johannesburg community was destroyed after forced removals beginning in 1955?

Sophiatown

The United Democratic Front (UDF) was founded in:

1983

Who chaired South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission?

Desmond Tutu

Helen Suzman sat for 13 years as the sole MP of which anti‑apartheid party?

Progressive Party

Which 1960 massacre marked a decisive turn towards armed struggle by the ANC and PAC?

Sharpeville Massacre

The strategy of 'Total Strategy' was most closely associated with President:

P.W. Botha

What immediate issue sparked the Soweto Uprising on 16 June 1976?

Enforcement of Afrikaans as medium of instruction

Steve Biko founded which student organisation in 1969?

SASO

Which 1949 Act banned interracial marriage in South Africa?

Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act

How many self‑governing homelands ('Bantustans') were eventually created?

10

Roughly how many people were forcibly relocated to the homelands between 1960 and 1982?

3.5 million

Which country imposed financial sanctions on South Africa in 1985‑86, intensifying economic pressure?

United States

What was the primary aim of the 1952 Defiance Campaign?

Deliberately breaking apartheid laws to prompt mass arrests

The Rivonia Trial (1963‑64) sentenced Nelson Mandela and others to:

Life imprisonment

Between 1948 and 1973, Black wages rose from one‑fifth to roughly what fraction of a white worker's wage?

One‑quarter

Which epidemic became South Africa's major public‑health crisis from c. 1990‑2014?

AIDS

Founded in 1985, which trade‑union federation became a key ally of the ANC?

COSATU

The term that described white anxieties about Black urbanisation was the:

'Black Peril'

Under the 1913 Native Land Act, Africans were restricted to what share of South African land?

13 %

Which 1959 legislation laid the groundwork for 'self‑governing' homelands?

Promotion of Bantu Self‑Government Act

What constitutional change followed the white‑only referendum of 5 October 1960?

South Africa became a republic outside the Commonwealth

The 1977 death in police custody that galvanised global opinion was that of:

Steve Biko

Which coastal city's dockworkers led a major strike wave in 1973?

Durban

What did the 1952 Abolition of Passes Act actually introduce for Africans?

Comprehensive reference books replacing pass books

The 1985 'Rubicon' speech refusing dramatic reform was delivered by:

P.W. Botha

Which slogan best captured the psychological message of Black Consciousness?

'Black is Beautiful'

What was the purpose of the South African Indian Congress (SAIC)?

To promote the rights of Indians and oppose segregation through passive resistance.

What was the Pan African Congress (PAC) stance on black nationalism?

The PAC believed in black nationalism and opposed collaboration with other races, particularly whites.

What was the United Party's major failing regarding apartheid?

The United Party's limited opposition to apartheid proved ineffective, leading to a loss of influence and credibility.

How did the ANC and PAC differ regarding racial cooperation?

The ANC was integrationist, working with other racial groups, while the PAC only worked with black Africans.

Who was Helen Suzman and what was her significance?

Helen Suzman was a Progressive Party leader who opposed apartheid, spoke against capital punishment, and advocated for gender equality.

What was the primary goal of the Defiance Campaign in 1952?

To repeal unjust apartheid laws and promote the anti-apartheid movement through non-violent demonstrations.

What did the Truth and Reconciliation Commission aim to achieve?

To investigate human rights abuses during apartheid and promote national healing through restorative justice.

What was the impact of F.W. de Klerk's Quantum Leap Speech in 1990?

It marked a turning point by ending the ban on ANC and other political organizations, leading to negotiations to end apartheid.

What was Jacob Zuma's stance on antiretroviral drugs for HIV?

Unlike his predecessor, Zuma recognized ARVs and mandated their distribution, especially to pregnant women.

How did Nelson Mandela influence post-apartheid South Africa?

Mandela promoted reconciliation, liberal democracy, and human rights, becoming a global symbol of resistance and peace.

When did the National Party come to power in South Africa, marking a turning point?

1948, under the leadership of D.F. Malan, implementing apartheid policies.

What significant event occurred in South Africa in 1960 that marked a turning point in the anti-apartheid struggle?

The Sharpeville Massacre on March 21, where 69 protestors were killed by police.

When did the ANC and PAC form their armed wings, MK and Poqo, respectively?

Both formed in 1961, following the failure of peaceful protest.

When was the Freedom Charter adopted, and what was its significance?

Adopted in 1955, it outlined a vision for a non-racial, democratic South Africa.

What major legislative act in 1950 formalized racial classification in South Africa?

The Population Registration Act, which assigned racial categories.

In what year did the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) begin, and who led it?

1995, led by Desmond Tutu.

What year did Nelson Mandela become the first Black President of South Africa?

1994.

When did F.W. de Klerk delivered the Quantum Leap Speech, and what was its impact?

1990, signaling the end of apartheid and initiating negotiations with the ANC.

When did South Africa officially become a republic?

1961, replacing the British monarch with a state president.

In what year did the Soweto Uprising take place, and what was its cause?

1976, triggered by a law mandating Afrikaans as the medium of instruction in schools.

What was the outcome of the 1964 Rivonia Trial?

Life imprisonment for Mandela and other ANC leaders on Robben Island.

When did the Soweto Uprising end, and how many people were killed?

The uprising lasted several months in 1976, resulting in around 176 deaths.

What year did the Durban Dock Workers Strike occur, and what was the primary cause?

1973, driven by long working hours and low wages.

When was the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) concluded, and what was one criticism?

2002, criticized for granting amnesty rather than full justice.

What was the voter turnout in the first democratic election in 1994?

Approximately 86%, with the ANC winning about 63% of the vote.

What year did the Muldergate Scandal occur, and what was its impact?

1978, leading to loss of credibility for the National Party government.

When did the ANC Youth League form, and who were some key members?

1943, with key figures like Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, and Oliver Tambo.