READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY [PHILHIS]

Flashcards summarizing key concepts, methodologies, historical periods, and influential theories from the lecture notes on 'READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY [PHILHIS]', covering topics from the meaning of history and hermeneutics to Philippine historiography and indigenous perspectives.

Hermeneutics

The art and science of interpretation, involving the deconstruction and reconstruction of ideas and meaning based on changes in the world, culture, and context. It is an effort to understand communications and establish proper rules for interpretation.

Kasaysayan (Filipino)

Derived from 'salaysay' (narrative) and 'saysay' (meaning), it is a narrative (written, visual, or oral) about past events that have meaning to a certain group of people in a given time and place.

Interdisciplinary Science (History)

The interdependence of sciences where disciplines are seen as interconnected and not isolated, with a focal science serving as a lead.

Multi-disciplinary Science (History)

Multiple interconnected sciences examining issues or objects of analysis in equal terms, without a single focal science.

Semiotics

The science of signs and symbols, which can be verbal, non-verbal, or sexual.

Pre-conception

Existing ideas or beliefs that can affect one's interpretation of what is being communicated through a text or event.

World of the Text (Synchronic Analysis)

A basic hermeneutical process focusing on the content of a text as it is, including its subject, theme, form, elements, and style, often through structural or genre analysis and textual criticism.

World Behind the Text (Diachronic Analysis)

A basic hermeneutical process that examines the history, background, context, cultural elements, time period, and people behind a story, often through historical or contextual criticism (e.g., ideological, feminist, psycho-analytic).

Exegesis

The blending process between the 'world of the text' and the 'world behind the text' to derive the contextual meaning of a source.

Eisegesis

The application of the contextual meaning (derived from exegesis) to contemporary readers, making it relevant to present personal, social, or global issues.

Gondwana

A large ancient continent theorized by Alfred Wegener, of which the Philippines was once a part, including Southeast Asia, Australia, Antarctica, Africa, and South America.

Homonization

The process, beginning about 4 million years ago, where human beings created themselves through knowledge and culture, making them distinct from animals, leading to 'sapiens'.

Sapientization

The process of using the human capacity to know, produce, and invent instruments for survival, marking a stage of production rather than mere consumption.

Australopithecus Afarensis

A primate species with human-like characteristics, excavated by Leakey (e.g., 'Lucy') in Ethiopia, estimated to have existed about 3.1 million years ago.

Homo Erectus

An early human species that existed approximately 1.8 million to 800,000 years ago, associated with the height of 'pebble culture' and evidence such as the Java Man and Peking Man.

Austronesians

People who lived between 10,000 BC and 9,000 BC, known for horticulture or farming, with theories of origin including the Malay Peninsula or Taiwan (Formosa).

External Criticism

The verification of the authenticity of a historical source by examining its physical characteristics, consistency with the historical period, materials used, and the real author, time, and place of creation.

Anachronism

An error in chronology, specifically a chronological misplacing of persons, events, objects, or customs, making them out of place in a given historical context.

Internal Criticism

The assessment of the truthfulness and factuality (credibility) of historical evidence by scrutinizing the source's author, context, agenda, knowledge, and intended purpose, and typically asking if it's a primary or secondary account or if there is consistency.

Historiography

The writing of history, encompassing the critical examination of sources, selection of details, and synthesis into a narrative; it also refers to the theory and history of historical writing itself.

Herodotus

Known as the Father of Ancient History, he emphasized writing history to remember victories, learn lessons from failures, and immortalize heroes.

Natural Law (St. Thomas Aquinas)

The capacity of every human being to do good and avoid evil, identifying the function of different parts of the body (borrowed from Aristotle).

Eudaimonia

A Greek concept referring to a state of well-being, good mental health, and a balance of life and body, often achieved through virtues.

Plato's Theory of Forms

Proposes two worlds: the 'World of Senses' (temporary pleasures, concupiscence) and the 'World of Ideas' (true, beauty, goodness, attainable through discipline and taming concupiscence), leading to dualism.

Aristotle's Virtue Theory

States that virtue is found in the middle ground between two extremes (vices); too much or too little of a quality is bad, and striking a balance leads to eudaimonia (e.g., courage between cowardice and recklessness).

Enlightenment

A historical period characterized by liberation, freedom, and deep thought about human nature, freedom, and responsibility, heavily influencing movements like the Propaganda Movement.

Positivist Philosophy

A scientific approach to studying and writing history, championed by Leopold von Ranke with the principle 'no document, no history,' emphasizing methodical reliance on primary sources and material evidence.

Marxist Historiography

Influenced by Marxism and 'Historical Dialectical Materialism,' it proposes that society is driven by opposing realities and class conflict, aiming for a classless society or utopia, with economics (infrastructure) determining social hierarchy and political/ideological elements (superstructure) maintaining the status quo.

Annales School

A historical school that emphasizes giving importance to ordinary people in their daily lives, including everyone in the narrative of history.

Post-Structuralism

An approach that encourages 'thinking outside the box' and focuses on power relations, suggesting that everyone is capable of creating a story and being part of the discourse.

Post-Modernism

A philosophical concept, as exemplified by Paolo Freire, suggesting that every person has subjectivity, rejects grand narratives and ideologies, and proposes that there are no universal standards, making every experience valid.

Spanish Colonial Historiography

Historical writing during the Spanish colonial period, often characterized by key themes reflecting the superiority of the Spanish race over 'Indios,' the importance of evangelization, and the process of colonization.

Pasyon and Revolution (Reynaldo Ileto)

A post-structuralist reading of Philippine popular movements, tracing the revolutionary ideas of the Katipunan to indigenous religious movements like 'colorum,' though critiqued for a lack of documented connections.

Floro Quiboyen (A Nation Aborted)

Proposed that the widely accepted image of Jose Rizal was influenced by American colonialism, arguing that Rizal was not merely a reformist but rather embodied resistance and understood the armed uprising of the Katipunan.

Pantayong Pananaw

An indigenous theory of history developed by Zeus Salazar, emphasizing a linguistic-based, Filipino-language perspective ('para sa atin, hindi sa kanila') that is flexible and postmodern in its rejection of a single 'grand narrative'.

Kasaysayang Bayan

A historical approach that emphasizes local history and the 'pagbuo ng bayan' (formation of the nation/community), centering on the breadth and depth of the nation from within, rather than external influences or elite narratives.