Philosophy exam

Aesthetics

Beauty

Epistemology

Knowledge

Ethics

Value

Logic

Arugments

Metaphysics

Reality

Ancient

600 BC - 300 AD

Medieval

300 - 1500

Modern

1500 - 1900

Contemporary

1900 - Present

Arugment

a group of claims, one of which is supported by the others

Premises

claims intended to support another claim (the conclusion)

Conclusion

is a claim intended to be supported by other claims (the premises)

Deductive Argument

arguments with premises that are intended to guarantee* the truth of their conclusions

Inductive Arguments

arguments with premises that are intended to show that their conclusions are probably* true

Valid arugment

is a deductive argument with premises that do, in fact guarantee the truth of its conclusion

An argument is valid if and only if

if its premises are true, then its conclusion must be true

invalid argument

is a deductive argument with premises that not, in fact, guarantee the truth of its conclusion

Sound argument

is a valid argument with only true premises

the conclusion of a sound argument must be true

Modus Ponens

If P, then Q.

P.

Therefore, Q.

Modus Tollens

If P, then Q.

Not Q.

Therefore, not P

Hypothetical Syllogism

If P, then Q

If Q, then R

Therefore, if P, then R

Disjunctive Syllogism

Either P or Q

Not P

Therefore, Q

law of non-contradiction

no proposition can be both true and false.