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Central Dogma
Genetic information flow from DNA to RNA to Proteins, coined by Francis Crick.
7 Different functions of proteins
Various roles of proteins including structural, contractile, defensive, signal, receptor, transport, storage, and enzymes.
DNA Vs
Both are nucleic acids with nucleotides, containing adenine, cytosine, and guanine bases, and have a phosphate backbone.
DNA Vs
DNA is double-stranded, contains thymine, located in the nucleus; RNA is usually single-stranded, uses uracil, found in the nucleus and cytoplasm, and has ribose.
Types of RNA and Their Functions
mRNA carries genetic info, rRNA is part of ribosomes, tRNA transfers amino acids during protein synthesis.
Location and Function of Ribosomes
Bound ribosomes synthesize external proteins, free ribosomes synthesize internal proteins.
mRNA Codons
Sequences of three nucleotides carrying genetic info for protein synthesis.
Transcription
Process of making RNA from DNA, occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.
RNA Polymerase
Enzyme copying DNA to build RNA molecules.
Translation
Synthesizing proteins from mRNA at the ribosome in the cytoplasm.
Start Codon and Stop Codons
AUG signals start, UAA, UAG, UGA signal stop of protein synthesis.
Redundancy of the Genetic Code
Multiple codons for most amino acids, providing error tolerance and evolutionary flexibility.
Mutations
Point, frameshift, silent, missense, and nonsense mutations altering DNA sequences, caused by hereditary or acquired factors like mutagens.