Term 2 IB History

Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930)

It was a tariff passed under Hoover that raised import duties to protect U.S. farmers during the Great Depression.

Good Neighbor Policy

It was FDR's foreign policy that promoted non-intervention and better relations with Latin America.

Cordell Hull

He was FDR's secretary of state who strongly supported and promoted the Good Neighbor Policy.

Montevideo Convention (1934)

It was an agreement signed by 19 countries that affirmed national sovereignty and non-intervention.

Platt Amendment Abrogation (1934)

The U.S. ended the Platt Amendment's restrictions on Cuba in 1934.

Buenos Aires Conference (1935)

It was a regional meeting where nations agreed not to use force to protect citizens or property abroad.

Panama Canal Treaty (1936)

It was a renegotiated treaty where the U.S. gave up the right to intervene in Panama's politics.

Export-Import Bank

It was created to provide commercial loans to support U.S. exports and international trade.

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (1934)

It allowed the U.S. government to negotiate bilateral tariff reductions.

Peter Smith

He was a historian who saw the Good Neighbor Policy as a major success.

Battle of Vimy Ridge (WWI)

Canada captured a key German stronghold in WWI, showing strong military performance.

Statute of Westminster (1931)

It legally recognized Canada and other dominions as independent nations within the British Commonwealth.

Pan-American Union

It was an international organization for cooperation in the Americas formed in 1890.

League of Nations

It was an international organization created after WWI to promote peace and collective security.

Adolf Hitler

He rose to power in Germany fueled by anger over WWI losses and the Treaty of Versailles.

Spanish Civil War

The U.S. government stayed neutral because they viewed it as a domestic conflict and followed the Neutrality Acts.

Royal Canadian Air Force

Canada rapidly expanded its small, under-equipped air force before WWII.

U.S. Neutrality Acts (1935-39)

They prohibited selling arms or war materials to nations at war.

British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (1939)

It trained airmen across Canada and other Commonwealth countries because Britain was vulnerable to attack.

Battle of Britain

Canada was one of many countries that sent pilots to defend the UK from German air attacks.

Battle of the Atlantic

Canada's navy escorted convoys and hunted German submarines across the North Atlantic. The war forced Canada to massively expand its navy and support Britain's survival.

David Kennedy

He is a historian who argued FDR was mostly isolationist in the 1930s. He viewed the Good Neighbor Policy as part of America's retreat from world affairs even as Hitler rose.

Cash-and-Carry Program

It allowed nations at war to buy U.S. arms if they paid cash and transported them themselves. It aided the Allies while technically preserving U.S. neutrality after Poland was invaded.

Lend-Lease Aid

It let the U.S. lend or lease war materials to countries like Britain that could no longer pay. It marked a major shift away from isolationism as the U.S. directly supported the Allied war effort.

Atlantic Charter

It was a joint U.S.-British statement outlining goals for the postwar world. It emphasized democracy, sovereignty, and self-determination for all nations.

Hemispheric Solidarity

It was the idea of unity among the nations of the Americas during WWII. U.S. agencies like the CIAA helped strengthen cooperation against the Axis powers.

Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs (CIAA)

Created in 1940, it promoted inter-American cooperation and countered Axis influence. It used media, radio, and cultural diplomacy to strengthen hemispheric ties.

Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)

It was a strategy in which Latin American nations produced goods domestically instead of importing them. It grew during WWII as trade with Europe collapsed, increasing reliance on U.S. goods and markets.

Pearl Harbor (1941)

Japan attacked the U.S. naval base in Hawaii, bringing the U.S. fully into WWII. The attack led to war in the Pacific and eventually to the atomic bombings of Japan.

U.S. Oil Embargo on Japan (1940)

The U.S. cut off vital materials like oil and steel in response to Japan's expansion in Asia. This economic pressure worsened relations and pushed Japan toward war.

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

It was Japan's imperial plan to dominate Asia under the slogan 'Asia for Asians.' It collapsed diplomacy with the U.S. and justified Japan's aggressive expansion.

Casablanca Conference (1943)

FDR and Churchill met and demanded 'unconditional surrender' from the Axis powers. It also coordinated Allied strategy after successes in North Africa.

Allied Fire-Bombing of Germany (1943-45)

Allied forces bombed German cities with incendiaries that created massive urban firestorms. These raids aimed to destroy industry and morale, though at a high civilian cost.

Allied Invasion of Italy (1943)

The Allies invaded Italy, which Churchill called the 'soft underbelly,' but faced tough mountain fighting. Italy eventually surrendered when Mussolini's government fell.

D-Day (1944)

It was the Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied France at Normandy. It followed the Soviet victory at Stalingrad and opened a Western front against Germany.

Tehran Conference (1943)

Stalin, FDR, and Churchill met to coordinate strategy after the Soviet victory at Stalingrad. They agreed on launching the invasion of France, which became D-Day.

Yalta Conference (1945)

The Big Three met in the USSR to plan postwar Europe and demand Germany's surrender. The meeting happened as Nazi Germany collapsed and the Soviets advanced into Berlin.

Bataan Death March (1942)

American and Filipino troops were forced to march to POW camps after surrendering to Japan. It occurred after the fall of the Philippines and highlighted Japanese brutality in the Pacific War.

Battle of Midway (1942)

The U.S. crippled Japan's navy and shifted the balance of power in the Pacific. It followed the U.S. victory in Europe and marked a major turning point in the war.

Island-Hopping (1942-45)

It was a U.S. strategy of capturing key Pacific islands to move closer to Japan. The tactic weakened Japanese control and set up the final push toward mainland Japan.

Battle of Iwo Jima (1945)

The U.S. captured the volcanic island after extremely high casualties. Its loss pushed Japan into full defensive mode as the war neared its end.

U.S. Fire-Bombing of Japan (1945)

The U.S. used incendiary bombs to burn Japanese cities and destroy urban infrastructure. These attacks intensified once the U.S. reached Japan's home islands.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945)

The U.S. dropped atomic bombs on both cities, causing massive casualties. Japan surrendered soon after, ending WWII on September 2, 1945.