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Jefferson - Jackson
Revolution of 1800
When TJ was elected he called it Rev. of 1800 bc first time DR person was prez
Won bc West and South farmers vote
Only time someone beat elite (victory of common man)
from then on prez had to say “for the common man”
Jefferson tries to limit the power of federal government
Taxes: Gets rid of Whiskey Tax
Debt: Reduces National Debt (now states don’t listen to Federal gov.)
Military: Reduces the army to 2,500 men (mostly out west)
Thought that military = oppression
Supreme Court: MIDNIGHT JUDGES
Case of Samuel Chase
Very vocal about hating Thomas jefferson
Thomas jefferson wants him removed but can’t be fired because he was a independent judiciary
Shows more power with the Judicial branch
Independent Judiciary
can’t fire judiciary unless they broke the law
Foreign Policy = Split people into parties
America wants to trade with everyone but England gets mad again (impresses them again)
Ex: Leopard Incident (England Impressing America) —> Leopard (England) v.s. Chesapeake (America)
U.S split between yes war or no —> Federalists did not want war because their biggest consumers were England, DR wanted war because they thought that England was not acknowledging America as a country of their own
Jefferson says no because he knows U.S will lose (still too weak)
Judiciary Act of 1801
16 new federal judges (all Federalists for life)
Adams made this last minute so that there are still Federalists part of the government with a DR leader (TJ)
Marshall Court
Pro-business, pro national go.
Opposed by Jefferson but can’t do anything about it
Jefferson’s Embargo (stop buying as a country)
Avoids war = shut of trade with all combats (no trade with Europe)
Increases Federal power because TJ is becoming lose (not doing stuff stated in constitution) while Federalists become strict.
Loss of trade —> increases manufacturing in Northeast
Jefferson forced to repeal embargo at end of term
Replaces it with Non-Intercorse Act
Non-Intercourse Act
Trade with everyone in the world except England or France
Also FAILS because U.S.’ biggest trading partners are England and France
Marbury (midnight judge) v. Madison (primacy of the judiciary) (1803)
Jefferson tells Madison to fire Marbury but can’t —→ ends up in the supreme court
Judicial review established —> supreme court can look at case from lower court and judge whether it is constitutional or not
Main Idea —> final say it not controllable by anyone not even prez. (supreme court has more power on decisions)
Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
State of Georgia passes a law to sell land to land speculators after being bribed.
-Passes law cancelling the land sale bc it was corrupt
Problem bc Fletcher (old buyer —> illegal) sues Peck (new buyer—> legal) on who owns the land
Main Idea —> Sets precedent the supreme court can overrule state laws (supreme court took case from Georgia)
McCullough v. Maryland (1819)
Maryland (DR state) don’t like National Bank —> passes law that there should be no branches of National Bank bc its unconstitutional.
Marshall rules in favor of National Bank because loose construction is valid = elastic clause (congress can make laws not in constitution) is more important than 10th amendment.
Cohens v. Virginia (1821)
Cohen family illegally sells lottery tickets = Virginia sues
VA court rules in favor of the state but Marshall takes the case again
Marshall rules in favor of state also (sets precedent —> set rule in legal case)
Gibbons (NJ) v. Ogden (NY) (1824)
New York passes law on who can monopolize trade between states
Led to New Jersey to sue New York
Marshall decided that only federal government can regulate trade
States can’t regulate / tax trade on each other
Louisiana Purchase Backstory
Napoleon is control of Spain and France —> gains Louisiana back and used for crop and feed soldiers in Haiti (however don’t need anymore bc soldiers died from Malaria)
So Napoleon gave the whole territory of Louisiana for $15,000,000 because he did not want to lose Haiti
Why did the US want Lousianna?
Federalists (loose constructionists) —> did not want Louisiana bc more slave states gain land
Democratic Republicans (strict constructionists) —>wanted Louisiana for more land
TJ becomes loose because he wanted the land
IMpact of purchase on US (1803)
Doubles size of uS
Makes Jefferson more popular with farmers
TJ sneds Zebulon Pike to explore the Southwest = Pikes Peak
TJ also send Lewis and Clark (need to explore in order to ensure that the land is safe)
Lewis & Clark
TJ ordered Lewis and Clark to write diary to know good. bad Indians, good/ bad food
TJ also wanted them to find China (still believed in the Northwest passage)
Instead they go over the Rocky Mountains and find Oregon and claim it theirs even though not really bc Russia and England also claimed it as theirs
Takes them two years to find the Pacific Ocean
They also lost their journals
Lewis and Clark goes back (in 6 months) but don’t receive any recognition so Lewis killed himself.
Macon’s Bill #2
Wants to increase trade and promote National Honor
Trades with England or France if they respect U.S. as independent country
Napoleon says he’ll respect (meaning U.S. picked France’s side) so England harassing U.S. again
English harassment of uS ships
America wants to gain more land bu whenever trading overseas Europe impress their ships
War of 1812 Frontier Reasoning
Desire for more land
Ex: Canada
War of 1812
War Hawks (South and West) take over congress (want war)
Doves (Feds) don’t want war
War was led by Henry Clay (valued free land, trade, national honor)
Jefferson reduced army but America still sent troops —> all sections in Canada lose
British forts and Tecumseh
England still in America trading with the Natives
Tecumseh leads pan-Indian alliance with the profit (brother( in order to get rid of white ppl.
Maddison sends General William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe (1811) to end alliance
wond bc the men weren’t at Tippecanoe just women and children
Fighting continues through War of 1812
Impact of the war on Western settlement
No Natives so easy settlement
1813
British and Canadian troops invade America through Great Lakes
Oliver Hazard Perry stops them by winning the naval battle
William Harrison defeated Tecumseh at Battle of the Thames
Tecumseh and brother are and dead = no more pan- alliance
Results to easy settlement in West
1814
France exists the European war = England can focus on US
British land in Chesapeake —> Nation’s capital Burns the Washington D.C. (house) to the ground
Battle of Fort McHenry (1814)
In order to burn Baltimore down, they needed to go up river and go through Fort McHenry
British fights America but America wins (tried to keep Baltimore from burning)
Star Spangled Banner created
Battle of Horseshoe (1814)
Jackson ended Creek natives’ resistance by winning
Treaty of Ghent (Belgium) (1814)
U.S. peace delegation meets in Belgium (led by J. Adams)
British forfeit because they’re tooo tired also they don’t really gain anything even if they win
1815
Battle of New Orleans
Word of the war’s end was slow
People in US still thought they were in war which led Andrew Jackson to defend New Orleans and wins = hero
Idea of Nationalism rises.
Party and regional differences over war vote (1812)
North states were against war (doves) —> trading partners with England
West states were for war (war hawks) —> wanted Canada
South States wanted war (war hawks) —> wanted more land
Sectionalism
only like their state (opposite of Nationalism)
Separate ideals from others
Hartford Convention
New England merchants hurt by DR bc there is a Economic Depression due to DR presidents
Have a meeting as a section of country —> Limit Federal government’s power bv they’re out of power
Propose 2/3 vote before gov. can embargo
Brief gossip around secession (leaving US)
When they proposed all of this war was over so they looked very un-patriotic = Federal party started to decline
American Nationalism and the Era of Good Feelings= outcome of war of 1812
1. “beat British twice” = heroes and songs
No more Federalists = now one party meaning were United
Growing population, National pride, growing economy, one party rule
American System
Idea made by Henry Clay that America should be economically independent (Hamilton 2.0)
No wars and America is strong economically
Already stated independent manufacturing bc when Jefferson cut off trade
Internal Movements of American System
Erie canal
National Road
Roads = towns
Federalists liked bc them America was more United
Protective Tariffs (Tariff of 1816) —> protects American businesses
Madison disagrees which creates sectionalism
New American literature bc National Culture emerged
James Fenimore Cooper - first American author in American settings
Americans (protagonists) v.s. Indians or England (antagonist)
Reasons for Westward expansion
Natives have been killed
National Road
Immigration —> many ppl. are pushing to west
Land Exhaustion —> tobacco and cotton
Industrial Revolution in England —> more cotton wanted from England
Convention of 1818
Northern boundary of America , 49th parallel
Lake of Woods to continental divide (Rocky Mtn.)
Now England and America compromised
Adams Onis Treaty (1819)
Slaves run away to Florida and Natives take care of them to make Seminole (new tribe)
America fights with Spain to who owns FLorida
Andrew Jackson is sent to capture slaves back and kills Native but he also kidnaps SPanish = war between two
Adams - Onis Treaty —> U.S. gets Florida and promised not to keep Spanish
Monroe Doctrine 1823
Napoleonic Wars (1812) weaken Spain in America
During this time many of the land got independence
America now able to trade since it’s not un Spain’s rule
If you lost colonies in the New World then you can’t come back and get it
America also promises not to be part of Europe (they still do)
Missouri Compromise
MIssouri wanted statehood but almost went to civil war in 1819 bc we didn’t know if it’ll be slave state or free state
Political: if Missouri was free state then the North has 51% senate to outlaw slavery
House of Rep. NOrth more power since they have more population
North wanted Missouri for land
Tallmadge Amendment (ex, of sectionalism)
Slave state but no new slaves can be imported into Missouri
young slaves freed at 21
South —> short term
North —> long term
Amendment doesn’t pass
Henry Clay and compromise
Creates the Missouri compromise
Come in as a slave state in order to keep sectionalism equal
Makes Main into a free state
36 degrees 30’ line: north is free and south of the line is slaves state
Applied to Louisiana purchase only
Different parties
John Q. Adams (DR) however was a secret Federalist at heart.
pro-elite
pro-federal gov.
Creates the National Republicans
Treaty of Indian Springs
Georgia threatens Native to sign INdian SPrings
Adams tells Georgia to sin fairer treaty (treat Indians right for states and did not have the power to oppress)
Georgia said no and Adams didn’t do anything but cave in
THe Tariff of 1828
Election of 1828 VP John C Calhoun wants to use tariffs to help Democratic win the election
Extremely high tax imported raw materials and manufacture products
Calhoun doesn’t care if it passes or not, just wanted Republicans to take blame in order to make people vote for Democrats
South Carolina Exposition 1828
Tariff of 1828 passes and South Carolina leads to fight against the Tariff of Abominations
South Carolina issues “SC Exposition”
Says that Tariff is unconstitutional
State was going to nullify if the tariff continues
Calhoun thinks that nullification is good bc it allows country to converse and be united
No nullification = civil war
Increased Sectionalism
North (N-R) —> Por- business, wants more tariffs, pro-bank, anti-international improvements (new roads, canals) = more ppl. move West so they have more power
South (D) —> pro-state rights, anti-tariffs (products = more expensive), anti-bank (don’t get benefits)
West (mostly D) —> pro state rights, anti- tariffs, anti- bank, pro internal improvements want to be connected to the markets), remove Natives (don’t like being threatened).
Democracy increased with Jefferson and Jackson
Jefferson
Lower property requirement so that most white men can vote
Rich, elite, educated men should be elected to office
State rights
Democratic - Republican party
Jackson (1820-1828)
All white men should vote
All white men can run for office
Pro- farmer
State rights
Democratic Party
Campaigning
Parties change structure in order to attract voters
As more white men vote, they start to shake hands with common man
Platforms
Anti- Masonic party first makes platforms
Beliefs and goals of the party
convinces ppl. to vote
National Nominating Conventions
Get rid of King Caucus (only elites chose)
Invite everyone in party and common ppl.
Propose candidates. suggest ppl. to run for office
Maysville Road Bill (Internal Improvements)
Henry Clay says we should build road in Kentucky —→ Bill passes congress but Jackson vetos bc he did not want Nationalism —> told them to build it and ask state congress
Republican called ANdrew Jackson a king bc he always ceto (hypocrite)
Webster - Hayne Debate (Federal v. State power)
Daniel Webster wanted Federal gov. to sell less land out West
Massachusetts —> don’t benefit when land is sold bc it keeps going to Federal power
Massachusetts’ power is shrinking as more states are added (sectionalism)
Robert Hane (S.C.) —> don’t like this idea bc it will be bad for South and West since they are farmers and always need land
Hane threatens to use nullification (ignore law) if Bill passes
Daniel Webster says don’t nullify bc then U.S. will cease to exist.
Nullification Crisis (Tariff)
Tariff of 1828
Tariff 28 raises tariff of England, South don’t want this tariff bc it raises American goods bc now they pay a lot more while North become rich
Tobacco and cotton is now tariffed in EUrope so farmers can’t sell anything
They’re also scarred that Federal. Gov. will get rid of slavery bc they can get high tariffs
Denmark Vesey —> rebellion of slaves
whites have trauma of being killed by slaves
S. C. Exposition: if this tariff passes they will nullify it
Tariff of 1832 even higher creates nullification process
South Carolina Ordinance
Due to the second tariff, they nullify (did not pay the taxes)
no longer will Fed. gov. make tariff occur in S. Carolina
S. Carolina will also threaten to secession (leave country)
HOwever pres. Jackson does not support S. Carolina —> although he’s pro farmer, he took it personally so he created the Force Bill to force S. Carolina to pay the tariffs.
Clay’s Compromise
Every year the tariffs are lower than the year before, until its very low
Long run —→ South Carolina wins
Short run —→ North wins. power of Federal. Gov.
John C. Calhoun —> wants US to decide if its going to be state power or Federalists gov. power (predicts civil war).
Jackson Battles the Bank
Jackson’s hatred of the BUS —> believes its a symbol of elites running America helping elite
poor ppl. pay rich ppl
British ppl. invest in this bank
don’t like other countries controlling U.S. economy
Congressmen will not represent ppl.
News outlets will not be democratic either
Both owes a lot so they will do what bank tells them to do.
Jackson’s veto of the BUS extension
1836 BUS dies
South and West hate BUS but North loves BUS = sectionalism
Jackson kills the BUS
Did not renew the contract for BUS
Farmers really like Jackson
withdraw money out of bank —> takes the money and sends to state bank
state banks start printing own money and now inflation, but collapses at 1837
Anti-Masonic Party
Social club for white elite
held first presidential nominating convention
created platforms
The Whig Party
Pro-business ppl. don’t like him
Southern elte don’t like either bc he put too much power - more Federal power
Whig Party —> pro=business, choses William Harry Harrison (Tippecanoe)
Indian farmer, common man
says Van Bureau is a rich guy
W.H.H —> drinks the common man’s drink = cider
The Election of 1840
Democrat = Van Buren
Whigs = W/H/ Harrison
Right after Jackson, Buren won but was a 1 term loser
W.H. Harrison won election of 1840
Cherokke in Georgia
Cherokees tried to assimilate in order to be like the whites so they didn’t die
Makes language
Creates Constitution
Cash crop farming (tobacco/ cotton)
Slave ownership
5 civilized tribes
Gold Rush
Gold is discovered in Cherokee land = kills Cherokee
Cherokee sue Georgia —> supreme court rules with Cherokee so Georgia should keep white ppl, out the land
But they did not care however jackson doesn’t do anything
Cherokees are pushed off the land
Trail of Tears 1830
Congress gave Jackson the power to remove Natives from East to West
Indian Removal Act —> Trail of Tears to Oklahoma since its dry
Native Resistance in Glorida
Chief Osceola leads rebellion from Everglades
Wanted to talk with Osceola since they cound’’t capture him
BUT the US lured him out for a peaceful talk but they just arrested him and seminoles and took them to the West
Native Resistance in the Northwest
Chief Blackhawk led further West and ends up with Sioux territory —> causes war between the two bec ppl. kept taking his land
if they were going to die anyways then they wanted to die fighting for their land
chief blackhawk loses this war bc Illinois militia ends tribe
those left are moved further West
Young Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis (confederacy person ) also participates
Market Revolution (First Industrial Rev.) (1815-1860)
Cheap Labor
Expenses go to labor
Increase profits
Immigration (Germans and Irish)
Farm kids
Resources
Internal Improvements (natural materials)
Textiles —> cotton —> clothes
Transportation
Ports, turnpikes (toll roads), canals steam boats, steam engines
Power
Water (doesn’t stop power), coal (heats cold water and uses steam)
Factory system
No more spinsters (women w/o men older than 21)
Factory replaces the putting out system
Easy labor
Spinning Jenny
one woman can do work of 50 women making clothes
New business models
Company says they’ll borrow money from shareholders and not pay back —> benefit by selling stock at higher price
NYSE 1817 (New York Stock Exchange) —> Businesses come together and share ideas instead of wasting time knocking on doors
LLC (limited liability corporation) —> people will not be personally liable, Allows/ encourages people to buy stocks without being afraid of being sued with by company.
Eli Whitney
Created the cotton gin
population of slaves increased bc the ppl earned more money with this to buy more slaves
Invents the concept of interchangeable parts (from guns) don’t need specific person to fix something
now can change something with one par (less expensive)
Tepegraph
Samuel F.B. Morse
Uses electricity lines = instantaneous letters
uses Morse Code Alphabet
dot = clik short
dash = long click
Since it goes so fast —> new job opening for interpreting Morse Code
Agriculture innovations
McCormick Reaper —> mechanical reaper for cutting Cyrus McCormick (1831)
with just farmers and children it takes 2 weeks but it only takes a day = increase food which also causes inflation
cheap farm kids in factory
Erie Canal (1817-1825)
needed new way (faster) to get farms from norther in land states to get produce to East Coast easily
Used horses to pull boats down Erie Canal (1817-1840)
more canals near North
North = industrial
South = cash crop famring
Steam engine (boats)
Robert Fulton - Clement 1807
Steam engine on boat (instead of wheels we use paddles_
Not can go down and up Mississippi river
Steam engine (rail) 1850
Can go anywhere
North East has more bc they are more industrialized
South not many bc they grow own food and use rivers and ships most of cotton shipped to England
West a lot bc they transport food to East
New Communities out West
New cities near canals and roads
More towns near roads so that its close to transport produce to market
Regional Interdependence
North and West more allied —> sectionalism but more intertwined
West make more produce and then sends to North for shipment
South different bc they produce cotton
Government support of economic growth
Pass tariffs —> tariff 1816, 1828, and 1832
National Road
Taxes (increase)
Gives land (promotes businesses)
Irish Immigration
Due to potato famine they go to America
Irish went to Northern America (Boston, New York, Pennsylvania) to find jobs
Urbanization yes but it becomes poor bc crime rates go up
Stuck in cities of East —> too poor
German immigration 1872
Carl Marx makes communism —> poor v.s. rich ppl fight
many leave land so they don’t get involved with political war
many move to Northwest
Nativsm
Hatred of immigrants (change is scary)
Hate Catholicism
Destroys democracy
crime rates increase
1850 NINA —> no irish need apply
American Star Spangled Party (know nothing party) —> wanted to elect nativist to stop immigrants —> were kept silent
Political machines (Tammany Hall)
Ward boss —> political boss of city by buying loyalty
If immigrants don’t vote then you don’t have food, shelter, or job
(voting for different ppl the ward boss’ friends)
Americans (english heritage) don't like because they change religion
Impact of Immigrants on the economy
Immigrants = manual labors
Long working hours (12 hr shifts)
Low pay = higher and lower prices for consumers —> middle class benefit
Illegal = less pay
Harsh conditions, unsafe
Urban problems
Low Wages cause poverty
Homelessness
Disease
Pollution
Crime
Drugs and Alcohol Abuse
Suicide
Homicide
Orphans
Abuse
Gangs
Changes to Northern social Classes
TOP
Capitalists —> factory owners
Middle Class grows and has higher standard living (cheaper goods) —> factory Managers, doctors, lawyers, education
Larger Urban lower class —> workers : immigrants, farm kids
BOTTOM
Antebellum Unions
Can’t complain bc they’ll get fired unless everyone complains = unions
Can’t fire someone or else there will be a strike = everyone quits
Unions = illegal, too small —> go to jail
Upper and Middle Class Women
Cult of Domesticity —> exclusive for middle and upper womeon = status symbol
Cook, clean, bear children
Catherine Beecher - help society adn be leaders
Lower class women
Expected to work
are not treated with respect
low pay, less children
paid less than men bc they are physically different, dumb, also they are not the head of the family
Lower class children
Children must work (paid even less than women)
Whipped a lot for being slow and physically weak
Causes of the 2nd Great Awakening among Protestants
Rationalism (Enlightenment)
Geographic mobility (isolation on frontier) —> loneliness
Market Rev. —> life sucks so they want religion
Emotila faith
Anti- Authority
Characteristics of the 3nd Great Awakening
Outside of churches bc churches have righ ppl
starts speaking in tongue
Charles Grandison Finney (1834)
Oberlin College in Ohio for reform
let women enroll
New lights
Church can be led by anyone
Emotional
West Poor
Methodists and Baptists
Old lights
Church led by educated minister
Intellectual
East
Wealthy
Mormonism (church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints)
Joseph Smith —> visited by angel Moroni (NY)
Reform movement bc they wanted to make society better
Polygamy —> many wives —> creates community of family
Americans don’t like bc polygamy and community —> ends up in Nauvoo, but yet still ridiculed so he creates own military
Brigham Young starts to move mormons to Mexico (Utah) —> Mormon Trail
Public Education
Everyone can get education (poor and immigrants)
More power in common man
Everyone has a chance for a better life
Nativist attempt to wash immigrant children’s ideas to become protestant
Horace Mann advocates for public schools
less corporal punishment
Makes taxes higher however doesn’t convince by educating, no Catholicism
reading, writing, and arithmetics
Temperance
American temperance Movement
Don’t’ drink it’s a sin —> limits alcohol
Get rid of drinking it will solve everything
Note 
Flashcard (102)