Social Studies : Bribery

Influence-peddling

Government official offers influence or access to government decision-making to someone who might need the information.

Offering or receiving improper gifts

A form of gratitude given to an official out of the service or work they rendered. However, it poses complications as it can lead to bribery, extortion, and other implications once committed.

Bribery to avoid tax liability

Public officials in charge of tax collection are offered a bribe to reduce the tax due of the one giving the bribe.

Bribery in support of fraud

Public officials involved in payroll may be influenced to support the listing of ghost employees in the payroll.

Bribery to avoid criminal liability

Public officials, particularly those in charge of protecting citizens, may be bribed to ensure criminal activities are not prosecuted or pursued by the court.

Bribery in support of unfair competition

Also known as a kickback, this occurs when officials receive a certain amount from a private contractor to secure and close a government contract.

Embezzlement, theft, and fraud

Corrupt practices that involve taking or converting money, property, or anything of value by someone who is not entitled.

Abuse of discretion

The misuse of authority by a public official for personal gain.

Favoritism, nepotism, and clientelism

Forms of abuse of discretion with emphasis on giving special treatment to someone greatly favored, usually a family member, relative, or friend.

Improper political contribution

Donating money or goods for a political party’s campaign or activity with the intention of protecting one’s interests once the party wins or seeking favor from the public official.