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Monumentality
Qualities of grandeur and awe tied to a building achieved through scale, location and design qualities
Ex: Jonas Salk Institute for Biological Studies; Louis Kahn
Monumentality achieved through use of heavy concrete and stone, strong geometric order and axiality as well as symmetry
Beton Brut
Literally āraw concreteā; refers to a form of construction where concrete is left unfinished and the rough texture is exposed. Gave way to the term ābrutalismā when mistranslated into English
Ex: Unite dāHabitation; Corbusier
textures from board forms were left on the final facade
Brutalism
Bold geometric forms that demonstrate āmaterial honestyā, usually achieved through rough, unfinished concrete. Often seen by architects as a revolutionary way of expressing form, transparency and engagement with space, but usually perceived by the general public as cold, intimidating and uninviting
Ex: Boston City Hall; Mckinnel and Kallmann
Rough unfinished concrete and bold geometric volumes that express the interior program.
Megastructure
Post-war concept of a massive urban form composed of a single man-made structure or a series of smaller structures connected together. Popularized through Japanese post-war modernism
Ex. Tokyo Bay Project; Kenzo Tange
A large grid forms the base bone of the megastructure, with occupiable spaces that can be added or removed as needed
Pop Architecture
Architecture that referenced popular contemporary culture through a bold and playful style
Ex. Plug-in City; Archigram
Sought to bring fun and play into architectural representation
radical vision for a futuristic, mobile, and adaptable urban environment
Served and Servant Spaces
Design methodology where certain spaces exist to support main, actively used spaces
Ex. Jonas Salk Institue; Louis Kahn
Buildings contain open lab spaces with thickened ceilings. The cavity within the ceiling acts as āservant spaceā to the āservedā lab space, housing utilities and machinery
Case study house program
A program through the Arts and Architecture Magazine that published modern, single family homes. Sought to showcase new materials and techniques to help meet post-war housing needs.
Ex. Case Study House 22, Pierre Koenig
Extreme cantilever off of cliff and the use of massive glass sheets for windows showcased new technology and innovation
Domestcity
Domestic architecture centered around an ideal of the nuclear family living in the suburbs
Ex: Levittown, William Levitt
Massive post-war housing development on LI; mass produced housing that gave birth to the modern suburb
Discriminatory policies only allowed homes to be sold to white families; promoted a very limited interpretation of domestic life
Urban renewal
Demolishing old āblightedā areas of cities deemed unfit and replacing it with modern development. Red lined areas were mostly targeted, predominantly displacing low-income, minority residents
Ex. West End Urban Renewal
The entire West End neighborhood was demolished; destroying 1/3 of the city
Replaced with the govāt center development as well as businesses and luxury residences; former residents could no longer afford to live there
Eminent Domain
The power of the government to seize private property it thinks would enrich the state; typically for infrastructure projects
Ex: Southwest Expressway; Boston Redevelopment Authority
proposed 6 lane highway that would provide a direct route through the city
Land was seized in Jamaica Plain and Roxbury (redlined areas) and housing was demolished, although community activism prevented the highway from getting built
Historic Preservation
Protecting and preserving sites or buildings that are culturally significant
Ex. Franklin Park; Venturi and Rauch
In this case, archaeological objects are preserved below a diagrammatic outline of Ben Franklinās house
Abstracted retelling of history rather than directly referencing it
Red-lining
Practice of designating certain areas in cities poor for investment, which discouraged companies from investing in those areas; predominately labeled minority and low income communities as blighted.
Ex. Construction of the Central Artery in the 1950s
Demolished predominately red lined areas such as much of Chinatown
Displaced residents
Anti-highway movement
Community movement against that advocated against building highways through neighborhoods and advocated for these projects to stop.
Ex. Anti-highway sign along Southwest Corridor embankment
Showcased grassroots movement pushing back against highway development.
Part of a larger campaign to raise awareness about the negative impacts of highways on urban communities, including increased traffic congestion, air pollution, and displacement of residents and businesses
Metabolism
Architectural style that originated in post-war Japan; focused on modular and flexible structures that can adapt and change over time like natural systems
Ex. Nakagin Capsule Tower; Kurokawa
Metabolist living typology - steel and concrete structural tower with capsules āplugged inā to the tower that could be disconnected and moved to other locations
Champions the ideal of life (metamorphosis) as opposed to the ideal of the machine
Colonialism
A country entering and conquering an inhabited area to exploit its resources, with the ideology that they know whatās best for the people living there
Tropical Architecture
Building for tropical climate conditions such as solar heat, humidity, rainfall and wind movement
Ex. Library at the University College; Fry and Drew
International Style adapted to Tropics.
Open screen applied to exterior to increase ventilation and interior shading
Brise solei facade
Argues for use of concrete as way to combat termites
āBoth-Andā
Phrase coined by Robert Venturi to describe the complexity and contradiction of architecture as opposed to the āeither orā of modern architecture
Ex. Vanna Venturi House; Robert Venturi
Early postmodern building that subverts ideas of what a house should look like - complexity and contradiction
Front facade uses traditional gable and chimney form, but houses rooms and other functions into these spaces rather than just a roof and chimney. Uses both arch and lintel over opening, subverting idea of structure
Ambiguity
Architecture can be understood in multiple ways without an ordered sense of hierarchy
Ex. Vanna Venturi House; Robert Venturi
Elements that contradict and are multiple things at once
Front facade uses traditional gable and chimney form, but houses rooms and other functions into these spaces rather than just a roof and chimney. Uses both arch and lintel over opening, subverting idea of structure.
Symmetrical form broken by asymmetrical windows, yet all constructed from same prefabricated window unit.
Plans crash hearth and stair together, two common and traditional elements to houses
āLess is a boreā
Coined by Robert Venturi in response Miesās phrase āLess is Moreā. Venturi argues that modern architecture focuses on certain problems while choosing to ignore others. Venturi believes architecture should be concerned with the nuances and complexities involved with design.
Ex. Neue Staatsgalerie; Stirling and Wilford
Combines features of modernism and classicism
Uses traditional rusticated stone blocks mixed with painted metallic railings
Pink limestone gives it a warm and inviting appearance; interior brightly colored in blue, red and green
Its added complexity makes it a more welcoming space for visitors, which minimalist modern buildings donāt always achieve
Postmodernism
A style of architecture that subverts typical modernism, combining classical elements with modern design.
Ex. At&T building; Johnson
Modern skyscraper but the frame is clad in traditional stone cladding
References classical motifs: tripartite division, broken pediment, high arches in portico