History

Manifest Destiny (Def. and date)

Divine Responsibility to move west

1812 to 1867

Territorial disputes in America (1820-1840)

Texas (1845) Maine (1842) Oregon (1842)

Moses Austin

Receive land grant in Texas

Died and passed land to his son (Stephen Austin)

Stephen Austin

Brought 300 families to Texas

American to Mexican ratio in Texas in 1830s

3:1

Mexican laws in Texas

All must convert to Catholic

NO SLAVERY

Mexico 1834 dictator

Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana becomes dictator

Texas Revolution

1836 Sam Huston leads revolt

Battle of the Alamo

All Texans at the Alamo fought to the death. "Remember the Alamo." (Loss)

Battle of San Jacinto

1836

Final battle of the Texas Revolution

Texans capture San Antonio de Santa Ana

Texas Annexation

1845

refused by Jackson and Van Buren and Harrison died

John Tyler accepted (afraid of British influence on Texas) but rejected by Senate

Later Tyler convinced them (3 days before Polk's presidency)

Battle of the Maps (Aroostook War)

Rival Lumber workers fight

Led to Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

1842

Border disputes fix with Canada

Oregon Fever

1842

Eastern and Midwestern farmers move up the Oregon trail

Who claimed the Oregon Country?

England, USA, Russia, Spain (originally)


(Spain gave up in Adams-Onis Treaty 1819)

Election of 1844

James Polk beat Henry Clay

Polk's slogan

"54 40 or fight!"

Annexation of Texas

John Tyler convinces congress

"Polk's Problem now" (Mexico getting upset)

Polk's stance on Oregon

Backs down to 49th Parallel

Mexican Independence

1821

The Great American Desert

Area in-between Mississippi Valley and Pacific Coast

Ignored initially for California and Oregon

Who were the first Non Natives to move west? When and why?

Mountain men

Fur Trade w/ Indians

1820

Overland Trails

Dangerous trails west

include Oregon Trail, Mormon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, California Trail

Farming in the West (motives and population)

Lot of land for cheap price

Middle Class

Urban Areas in the West (Cali) (Motives for growth)

Gold Rush cities (San Francisco, Denver)

Salt Lake City (acts as a caravanserai for travelers to get supplies)

Aspects that increased and characterized foreign commerce 1840s-50s (4)

(S) Regular Schedule

(O) Whale oil

(T) New Tech (Clipper ship and Steamship)

(C) Commodore Perry in Japan

1845 Americas standpoint on California and New Mexico territory

Polk sent envoy to Mexico to convince them to sell the US NM and CA

Fail

Mexico says border is on

Nueces River

US says border is on

Rio Grande

Gen. Zachary Taylor

General who moves troops to Rio Grande (disputed territory)

War begins when Mexico attacks (11 US dead)

T or F Whigs supported the Mexican American War

False (they did not)

General Stephen K.

Takes California and New Mexico

John C. Freemont and the Bear Flag Republic

1846

Proclaims independence from Mexico

Overthrows Mexican rule

MEXICO NOW FIGHTING TWO WARS (against US and Bear Flag)

Winfield Scott

Pushes into Mexico City

ends War

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1848

Mexican Cession

Did the Whigs Approve of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo why or why not?

No

Saw this as a way of increasing slave states

Wilmot Proviso

Proposed no slavery in new lands

passed in house not it senate

Were the South Satisfied with the Mexican Cession and other gains of territory?

no

Ostend Manifesto

1854

American ministers meet in Belgium

Discuss plans and reasons why America should take Cuba

Press Leak

Antislavery northerners cause this plan to be dropped

Walker Expedition

Walker and Southerners tried to take power in Central America

failed (walker executed)

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

1850

Neither US and Britain have 100% control over future canal (Panama Canal)

Gadsden Purchase

1853

gain new lands under NM and AZ

for railroads (interstate commerce \= government purchase)

South getting greedy with slave lands

Walker Expedition

Ostend Manifesto

Positions on slavery

Free Soil Party

Southern Plantation owners

Popular Sovereignty

Free Soil Party (important person, population, beliefs)

David wilmont (wilmot proviso)

Whigs

Slavery bad, not just ethical but also too much competition

Southern Democrats (population, beliefs)

Sothern Plantation Owners

Slavery Good

Popular Sovereignty (important person, beliefs)

Lewis Cass

States Choose!

Election of 1848 (parties and winner)

Democrats: Lewis Cass (States choose!)

Whigs: Zachary Taylor (general not involved in politics before)

Free Soil: Van Buren (called Barnburners due to them trying to "burn" the democratic party down)

Taylor won

Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay's attempt to save the union

California Free

Other Mexican Cession lands popular sovereignty

Texas gets $15 million

FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW

Fugitive Slave Law (4)

Runaway slaves can be returned for money

no place is truly free anymore

Trial by jury denied

Federal Court not state

Immigrants to America during Antebellum

Irish
German
Chinese

Liberty Laws

Laws passed by northern states in response to the Fugitive Slave Act

gave the right to habeas corpus, the right to a jury trial, and other procedural devices to Accused "slaves"

Antebellum

Pre-Civil War

Irish Immigrants in America (Who, Why, Politics, Religion?)

Farmers

Famine

Democratic Party

Roman Catholic

Tammany Hall

NY Democratic political organization

Irish & Tammany Hall

Originally Excluded but later controlled it

German immigrants to America (Why, Who, Religion, Politics)

Resolutions in 1848

Farmers

Roman Catholic OR Lutheran

Antislavery

Nativism

anti-immigration

know Nothing Party

Anti immigration party formed in 1850

said they "knew nothing" when asked political questions

Discrimination besides African Americans

Germans
Irish
Chinese
Native Americans
Mexican Americans

Tech spreading in America (where, when, and what)

New England \---\> Northeast states

1840s

Railroads, Railroads, Sewing Machine, Samuel Morse's telegraph

Panic of 1857 & Consequences

North suffered more than south

SOUTH SEES ITSELF AS SELF RELIANT

Underground Railroad

Harriet Tubman

Northern antislavery literature

Uncle Tom's Cabin (Harriet B. Stowe)

Impending Crisis in the South (Hilton Helper

South Proslavery literature

Sociology for the South (George Fitzhugh)

Cannibals All! (George Fitzhugh)

Election of 1852

Franklin Pierce (Democrat) wins

Whig Party falls apart

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854

made Kansas and Nebraska a state and put popular sovergenty in both

New England Emigrant Aid Company

paid for the transportation of antislavery settlers to Kansas

(more antislavers in Kansas \= more voters)

Bleeding Kansas

1856

Pro slavers and antislavers fight

Sumner-Brooks Incident

1856

Sumner bashes democrats in Senate over Bleeding Kansas (specifically Butler)

Butler's nephew (Brooks) takes offense and beats Sumner with a cane in the senate

Whigs in mid-1850s...

Dissolved and...

joined Know Nothing Party or Democrats

OR

Formed Republican Party

Election of 1856

Democrats nominated Buchanan (WINNER)

Republicans nominated Fremont

Know-Nothings chose Fillmore

Dred Scott

Slave who was taken to free state and back

sued

Dred Scott v. Sanford

1857

Supreme court said African Americans not citizens

Missouri Compromise unconstitutional

Major Speeches in Lincoln Douglas Debate

1858

"House Divided" -Lincon

Freeport Doctrine -Douglas

House Divided Speech

All or nothing

America cant run half slave, half free

Freeport Doctrine

Slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so

(i.e. even if federal gov. forces laws, the majority can chose whether to enforce them)

Was Lincoln an abolitionist?

Not Originally

He hated it and thought it was evil but didn't want to interfere

later became one due to seeing how America couldn't run half and half

John Brown

rallied slaves to rise up against slavers

raided arsenal at Harpers Ferry

Hung

Factions during the Election of 1860

Democrats: Split over Douglas and Breckinridge

Republicans: Lincoln

Constitutional Union Party: John Bell

WINNER: Lincoln

T or F Lincoln won the popular vote

false

Did the Republicans hold the senate or Supreme court in 1860?

No

Southern response to election of 1860

conventions held in the South 1861

created Confederate States of America

planned to elect Jefferson Davis

Crittenden Compromise

1860

Tried to make things back to the Missouri Compromise line

Lincoln said he could not accept it cause it spread slavery

What did Lincoln say about fort Sumter

he would send provisions to the fort of food

he gave the south the choice to let the fort be or start war

south opened fire and captured fort

Slave Union States

Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky

Why were some states of the union slave states?

partly due to pro-union sentiments and partly due to Lincoln's Policies

How did the Union keep Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky as states?

Marshall Law enacted against rebellion, and a suspension of Habaeus Corpus

"Lost Cause" of the Confederacy

The myth that the civil war was about "States' Rights" instead of slavery (this a myth)

Winfield Scotts plan in the Civil War

Anaconda Plan

Stonewall Jackson

led confederacy at Bull Run

died at the Battle of Chancellorsville (friendly fire)

General McClellan

Union General

Example of Caution is a bad trait

Battle of Antietam

1862

Resulted in Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation

Battle of Fredericksburg

Union slaughter (almost like Pickett's Charge but for union)

Ulysses S. Grant

Union general

David Farragut

"Damn the torpedoes! Full speed ahead!

Trent Affair

Union warship stops British ship with two confederate ambassadors

Britain very upset (almost sides with Confederates

British views on Civil War

favors CSA
- Trent Affair

Favors Union
- Alternative Cotton in Europe (imperialism)
- Emancipation proclamation (working class likes this)

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point in Civil War

Pickett's Charge (CSA failing to learn from Fredericksburg)

Sherman's March to the Sea

Army under Sherman march through Georgia

Scorched Earth Policy