Florida final study guide

Reconstruction

the period in US history from 1865 - 1877, following the civil war. Goals were to rebuild the southern states, integrate formally enslaved people into society as citizen, and redefine the legal and political status of the confederate states. Key measures included establishing civil rights for African Americans through constitutional amendments and readmitting southern states

Abraham K. Allison

FL politician who briefly served as the state’s governor during the civil war. He also held other positions including mayor of JAX and state legislator. He helped lead FL through the early years of the war and managed state affairs during the turbulent period

General Edward M. McCook

Union Army General during the American civil war. After the war, he had a political career, serving as the US minister to the kingdom of Hawaii and later the territorial governor of Colorado.

Presidential Reconstruction

led by andrew jackson was a quick lenient effort to restore the former confederate states. It required minimal changes, leading the southern states to enact discrimatory black codes. This angered congressional republicans, who viewed the leniency as a failure, ultimately seizing control of reconstruction in 1867

WIlliam Marvin

US judge and legal expert who stayed loyal to the Union during the civil war and briefly served as floridas provisional governor afterward helping restore the states government

David Walker

black abolitionist best know for writing david walkers appeal a powerful antislavery pamphlet. He urged enslaved african americans to resist oppression and called out the hypocrisy of a nation that tolerated slavery. His work spread fear among the slaveholders and helped energize the abolitionist movement.

Black codes

law passed in the south after the civil war to control and restrict the freedom of the newly freed african americans. they limited things like where black people could work, live, and travel, and forced many into unfair labor contracts. Overall they were designed to keep african americans in a position similar to slavery

congressional reconstruction

plan created by the US congress after the civil war to rebuild the south and protect the rights of formally enslaved people. it placed southern states under military rule and required that to write new sate constitutions that guaranteed black men’s voting and civil rights. It aimed to reshape the southern society and ensure equal rights under the law

14th Amendment

protect the rights of former slaves after the civil war. it declared that anyone born or naturalized in the US is a citizen and guaranteed all citizens equal protection under the law. it prevented states from taking away a person’s rights without due process

southern homestead act of 1866

a law meant to help formerly enslaved people and poor southern whites gain land after the civil war. it opened up millions of acres of public land in the south for them to claim at low cost. however many people lacked the resources to farm the land, so the act helped fewer families than hoped

harrison reed

republican politician who served as the governor of florida from 1868 to 1873 during reconstruction. He worked to rebuild the state, support public education and protect the rights of newly freed african americans. his time in office marked by political conflict, but managed to remain in power and guide florida through a challenging period

Jonanthon Gibbs

african american minister, educator, and politician during reconstruction, He served as florida’s secretory of state and later the superintendent of public instruction. becoming one of the highest ranking black officials in the south. Ge worked to expand public education and defend the rights of freed african americans

Ku Klux Klan

white supremacist group founded after the civil war to oppose reconstruction and maintain white dominance in the south. they used violence, intimidation, and terror against african americans and their allies to prevent them from voting or gaining political power. they aimed to restore white control and undermine civil rights for black people

Josiah T. Walls

born into slavery fought for the union during the civil war and after the emancipation proclamation settled in FL. he became a leading black politician during reconstruction serving in floridas legislature and most notably the first african american member of the US congress from florida. He championed public education, civil rights, infrastructure, and economic opportunities for freedman and all floridians

Klan Acts

laws to stop the violence and intimidation of the KKK. they gave federal govt the power to protect african americans and punish those who attack or threatened them. the acts aimed to enforce civil rights and help reconstruction succeed in the south

George Drew

florida politician who served as gov during the reconstruction era. He worked to oppose reconstruction policies and support white democratic control in the states. Played a key role in reshaping florida’s govt after the federal oversight ended

Posse comitatus act

limited the federal govts ability to use the military to enforce domestic laws. it made it illegal for the army to act as law enforcements without congress’s permission. the act was meant to protect the citizens liberates and prevent military control over local affairs

the bourbon era

period in the south after reconstruction when conservative white democrats regained political power. during this time they focused on reducing taxes, cutting public spending, and limiting the rights of african americans. The era is known for trying to restore pre-civil war social and political control in the south

New south

vision for the southern united states after reconstruction, focusing on economic growth, industrialization, and modernization. Leaders encourages building factories, railroads, and cities to reduce reliance on farming. Despite these efforts racial segregation and discrimination against african americans continued

convict lease system

practice in the south after the civil war where prisoners leased mostly african american prisoners to private companies for labor. these prisoners were forced to work in harsh and dangerous conditions with little or no pay. the system, exploited black labor and was seen as a way to continue slavery like conditions

floating dredges

boats or barges equipped with dredging gear that removed sand, silt, gravel, or sediment from riverbeds, harbor bottoms, or flood plains mainly to deepen or maintain waterways for navigation, or to recover mineral/gravel from valley floors. Over time these dredges often exhausted the useful material or lost economic viability.

william D. Chipley

former confederate army officer who became a powerful railroad developer and politician in FL. Role in building and promoting Pensacola and atlantic railroad connecting the florida panhandle to the rest of the state which spurred growth.

Henry Plant

american railroad an steamship entrepreneur who built a powerful transportation empire in the southeastern US. He connected remote parts of FL to the rest of the country via railroad and steamship, built luxury hotels to spark tourism and economic growth.

Henry M. Flagler

amerian industrialist and co0founder of standard oil who played a major role in developing florida’s east coast. He built railroads and luxury hotel, connecting remote areas to the rest of the country. His work tuned FL into a major tourist destination and boosted its economy.

1885 constitution

created after the end of reconstruction to replace the 1868 one. It reduced power of the state govt, limited african americans voting rights and supported segregation. the constitution set rules for elections, taxes, and govt. structure and favored white control in the states

Populist

political movement in the late 1800s made up of mostly farmers and laborers. They fought for economic reforms like regulating railroads, increasing the money supply, and supporting fair prices for crops. They also pushed for more political power for ordinary people though like direct election of senators.

Farmer’s alliance

group of farmers in the late 2800s who banded together to fight economic hardships. worked to lower railroad rates, reduce debt, and improve crop prices through cooperation and advocacy. the alliance also helped form the populist party to push political reforms benefits farmers.

People’s Party

AKA populist party to represent farmers and workers, it pushed for reforms like govt control of railroads, a fairer money system, and direct election of senators. the party aimed to give ordinary people more power and challenge wealthy elites in politics

Ocala Demands

set of political reforms created by the farmers alliance in 1890. called for a lower railroad rates, a national currency backed by silver, and changes to help farmers and working people. these demands influenced the populist party and shaped their push for economic and political reforms

Henry Mitchell

lawyer, judge, and politician who served as the 16th gov of FL. He served as a justice on the FL supreme court before winning the governorship. During his term as gov, FL faced major economic troubles, a destructive hurricane and severe citrus freeze that hurt the states agriculture and finances

Spanish American War

short war between the US and Spain. It began after the US supported Cuba’s fight for independence from Spain. The war ended with the US gaining control of territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, marking its rise as a world power

USS Maine

US battleship sent to Havana, Cuba, to protect american interests during tensions with Spain. It exploded in the harbor, killing over 260 sailors though the cause was unclear. The incident helped spark the spanish american war by fueling US anger against Spain

Tampa

experienced rapid growth and economic change. the city served as a major port and staging area for the US troops heading to cuba, which boosted local business and infrastructure. Following the war, tampa became a hub for cigar manufacturing, shipping and tourism attracting new residents and helping the city expand quickly

William D. Bloxham

served as gov twice. he worked to improve the states finances, build railroads, and expand public education. He also focused on modernizing FL govt and infrastructure during his terms

General William Shafter

US army officer who commanded american forces during the spanish american war. He led the invasion of Cuba, including battle of Santiago, which helped secure a US victory. Shafter’s leadership was controversial due to his health problems and the harsh conditions faced by his troops

Walter Reed

US Army physician who led research on yellow fever. He proved that this disease is transmitted by mosquitos, not direct contact which helped prevent its spread. His work saved countless lives and advanced the study of infectious diseases

The Broward Era

focused on draining the everglades to create farmland. This effort expanded agriculture and settlement in southern FL. The era also marked a push for economic development and modernization in the state.

Napoleon Bonaparte Broward

gov of FL. Best known for leading efforts to drain the everglades to create farmland and promote economic growth. Worked to modernize the states govt, and infrastructure.

Buckman Act

reorganized the states higher education system, it created separate universities for men, women, and african americans, consolidating smaller schools for few state institutions. The act aimed to improve efficiency and strength higher education, but enforced racial and gender segregation (UF, FSU, UM, FAMU)

Carl Graham Fisher

developer who played a key role in building FL infrastructure. He helped create the Lincoln Highway and the dixie High way, and developed Miami Beach into major resort city. These projects boosted tourism, transportation, economic growth in FL

Dixie Highway Association

organization created in the early 1900s to promote and build a network of roads and connecting the Midwest to the southern US. It helped improve transportation, making travel easier for tourists and commerce. The highways also encouraged economic growth and development in the regions they connected especially in FL

Sidney Johnson Catts

gov of FL. Known for controversial and outspoken views, including strong support for prohibition and opposition to the KKK. Catts focused on state reforms and improving FL’s economy

Prohibition Party

political party that formed in the 19th century. it aimed to ban production, sale, and use of alcholic bevs. The party worked to promote temperance and influenced laws that eventually led to the national prohibition in the 1920s

Florida Boom

period of rapid growth and land speculation in FL during the 1920s. people from across the country invested in real estate, leading to new cities, roads, and resorts. the boom boosted the economy but suddenly ended when the market collapsed and natural disasters hit the state (Coral Gables (UM), St aug, Miami, keys) buying land without seeing it cus prices would skyrocket

Tin Can Tourists

travelers in FL during the early 1900s who traveled cheaply in cars, trucks, or tents, often staying in make shift camps. They explored that state independently, enjoying nature, and attractions without staying in hotels. Their travel helped promote tourism and the development of roadside amenities in FL

1901 Jacksonville Fire

Massive blaze that destroyed much of downtown Jax. It started in a a small building and spread quickly because of strong winds, dry conditions, and wooden construction.

Prohibition

production, sale, and transportation of alc bevs were illegal. it aimed to reduce crime, improve, health, and promote moral behavior. however it led to illegal alc trade, and organized crime

Miami

experienced a huge population and real estate boom, attracting investors and tourists from across the country. the city rapidly expanded, with new neighbors, hotels, and roads being built. However, the boom ended with real estate crash, economic trouble, slowing the city growth

the 1925 Bust

sudden collapse of the FL real estate market after a period of rapid speculation and growth. Property values plummeted, leaving many investors and homeowners in financial ruin. The crash slowed development, hurt the economy, and ended the FL land boom

Gov. Doyle Carlton

served as FL gov during the start of the great depression. he worked to reduce state spending, balance the budget, and address the economic hardships facing floridians. Focused on improving education, roads, and public services despite limited resources.

The Great Depression

severe worldwide economic crisis began in 1929 and lasted through the 1930s. Caused because stock market crash, bank failures, and overproduction, and high unemployment. The depression caused widespread poverty, business closures, and hardships for millions

Franklin roosevelt

led the country through the great depression with his new deal programs, which created jobs and provided relief to struggling americans. He also guided the US during most of WWII shaping the postwar world

Giuseppe Zangara

italian immigrant who attempted to assassinate FDR. His gunfire missed FDR but killed Chicago mayor and injured serval others. He was arrested, convicted or murder, received the death penalty

New Deal

series of programs and reforms created by FDR in response to the great depression. It aimed to provide jobs, support the unemployed, and revive the economy. The new deal also introduced regulations to stabilize banks, protect workers, and prevent future economic crises

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

new deal program to help farmers during the great depression. it paid farmers to reduce crop production and livestock to raise prices and stabilize the agricultural economy. the program aimed to increase farmers income and prevent overproduction that was hurting farm profits

Rural Electrification Program

new deal initiative to bring electricity to rural areas. It provided loans to build power lines and electrical infrastructure in communities that private companies had ignored. the program improved living standards, farming efficiency, and economic opportunities for rural americans

Public works administration

New deal program created to provide jobs and stimulate economy during the great depression. it funded large construction projects like schools, bridges, roads, and hospitals. They helped improve infrastructure while giving work to thousands of unemployed americans

FL in WWII

important center for military training, shipbuilding, and airbases. The states economy grew as thousands of troops were stationed there and war-related industries expanded. FL also contributed to the war effort through agriculture, manufacturing, support for military operations

Operation Drumbeat

german U-boat campaign during WWII that targeted Allied shipping along the US east coast in 1942. German submarines sank hundreds of ship causing heavy loses in cargo and lives. the attacks led the US to improve coastal defenses, convoy systems, and anti-submarine strategies

civil war patrol

conducted coastal patrols to spot german submarines and protect US shores. Most were volunteers with small planes since all others commercial planes were in use for war. Volunteers, flew along the coastline, reporting enemy activity and assisting in search and rescue missions. their efforts helped reduce shipping losses and supported the US military defense of their homeland

Prisoners of war

during WWII FL housed POWs mostly germans and italians in camps across the state. The POWs were put to work on farms in forests, and on the infrastructure projects under strict supervision. Many followed the rules, contributed to the local economy, and eventually repatriated after the war ended

GI Bill

provided benefits to WWII veterans to help them adjust to civilian life, it offered funding for education, training, home loans, and unemployment support. The bill helped millions of veterans improve their skills, buy homes, and build careers after the war.

Freedmen’s bureau

created to help formerly enslaved people after the civil war. it provided food, clothing, medical care, and education and helped negotiate labor contracts, the bureau aimed to assist african americans in transitioning to freedom and rebuilding their lives

Scallywags and carpetbaggers

southern whites who supported reconstruction and the republican party after the civil war. carpetbaggers were northerners who moved to the south during the reconstruction, often to work in policies or business. Both groups helped implement reconstruction policies, supporting african americans rights but were often criticized by southern democrats

19th century tourism

travel for leisure, education, or health, becoming more popular as transportation improved. Wealthy people visited resorts, spas, beaches, and scenic areas often for socializing and relaxation. Tourism helped develop hotels, railroads, and local economies in popular destinations

turpentine harvesting

process of collecting resin from pine trees to produce turpentine and other naval stores. Workers often in the south cut into trees to gather the sap which was then distilled industrial use. the work was hard, dangerous, and often done by low-paid laborers including african americans and immigrants

florida public education reforms

improved schools and expanded access for children in the late 19th and 20th centuries. They built more schools, trained teachers, and established standardized curricula. the reforms aimed to increase literacy, provide better learning opportunities, and prepare students for future work and citizenship

FL in WWI

served a training and staging area for US troops and military operations. the states economy benefitted from increased demand for food, supplies, and shipbuilding. Many floridians joined the armed forces and the war effort helped modernize infrastructure and industry in the state

1926 hurricane

formed over the Atlantic ocean and moved west toward fl. strong wins and heavy rain struck miami and surrounding areas, causing widespread destruction. the Hurricane destroyed building, roads, and crops, leaving thousands homeless causing major economic damage.

civilian conservation corps

a new deal program that employed young men during the great depression. They worked on projects like planting trees, building parks, and preventing sol erosion. They provided jobs, improved environment, and helped communities across the US

Alfred Dupont

industrialist who helped expand the Dupont family business. He invested in banks when they were failing, paper rmills and other industries significantly growing his wealth and saving the US.

Post-war tourism

grew rapidly as returning soldiers and families traveled for leisure. New highways, airports, hotels made the state more accessible and attractive to visitors inviting tourist to tourist traps to visit springs, monkey jungle, dog land, gun fights, villages, st aug fountain of youth but died out in the 70s

retirement boom

many older Americans moved to the state for its warm climate and low taxes. Developers built new housing communities, golf course, and amenities to attract retirees. This migration boosted Florida’s economy and helped the states population grow rapidly