Honors Biology Nucleic Acids Vocab
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Last updated 1:42 AM on 12/12/22
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21 Terms
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Nucleotides
The building blocks of nucleic acids that consist of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base.
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Nucleic acids
The 4th biomolecule essential to life
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Nitrogen bases
A part of the building block for nucleic acids. In the case of DNA, holds the 2 strands together using hydrogen bonds. Examples are adenine, thymine (in DNA), guanine, cytosine, and uracil (in RNA).
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Double-helix
The shape of DNA that resembles a staircase
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Antiparallel
DNA strands are parallel, but in different directions– one strand is upside down.
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Complementary base pairs
Nitrogen base adenine always pairs with either thymine or uracil, and cytosine always pairs with guanine.
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Hydrogen bond
Attraction of H (+) ion to another atom by electrostatic charge; opposite charges attract (+ is attracted to -). This is seen between the nitrogen bases.
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Covalent bond
When 2 atoms share electrons to fill their outer energy level and make up most molecules in the human body. This is seen between phosphates, sugar, and nitrogen bases.
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DNA replication
The process by which a molecule of DNA is replicated
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Semi-conservative replication
The two DNA copies have one original strand and one new one
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Template strand
The strand that undergoes DNA replication first, nucleotides are added from top to bottom.
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Lagging strand
The strand that undergoes DNA replication second, nucleotides are added from bottom to top.
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Helicase
The enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds of DNA in replication.
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DNA polymerase
The enzyme that replicates DNA to build a new strand.
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Ligase
The enzyme that “glues” nucleotides together.
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Cell cycle
The series of events that divides a cell into 2 daughter cells. Consists of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
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Interphase
Longest part of the cell cycle where the cell grows and replicates DNA to prepare for separation. Includes G1, G0, S and G2 phases.
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Mitosis
Process of the nucleus dividing, forming two nuclei with similar chromosomes. Includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
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Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm that results in two cells with identical nuclei.
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Cancer
Uncontrollable cell growth
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Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
