History vocab

Embargo Act of 1807

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

Louisiana Purchase 1803

Jefferson sent Monroe to Paris to purchase New Orleans; Monroe ended up spending $15 million, because he was able to get all of Louisiana, Jefferson conflicted about the purchase, since he didn't feel he had the authority to do so under the Constitution, but the deal was too good to pass up and provided more than enough land to fulfill his dream of an America populated with small farmers.

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)

Democratic Republican

Domestic Policy:
Shrink size of federal government
Repeal of Alien and Sedition Acts
Marbury v Madison
War with Supreme Court—Pickering/Chase
Burr Conspiracy
Essex Junto
Revolution of 1800
Berlin and Milan/Orders in Council

Foreign Policy:
Barbary Pirates conflict
Louisiana Purchase
Chesapeake incident/ impressment
Embargo Act > Non-Intercourse Act

Napoleon

James Madison (1809-1817)

Democratic Republic

Domestic Affairs:
Rechartering of National Bank (20 year charter)
Tippecanoe Harrison vs. Tecumseh and Prophet
Hartford Convention

Foreign Affairs:
Macon's Bill No. 2
War of 1812
Harrison
New Orleans (Jackson)

Corrupt Bargain of 1824

In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.

Spoils System

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

Trail of Tears (1838

The route taken by Native Americans as they were relocated to Oklahoma; 20-25% perished before reaching Oklahoma

Pet Banks

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Cotton Gin

Increased production of cotton = increase of slavery. Change in southern culture

Erie Canal (1825)

New York state canal that linked Lake Erie to the Hudson River. It dramatically lowered shipping costs, fueling an economic boom in upstate New York and increasing the profitability of farming in the Old Northwest.

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin

Samuel B. Morse

Invented the telegraph system and Morse code

American Temperance Society

An organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problems drunkards had on societies well being, and the possible well-being of the individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol. Blamed largely in immigants

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the l. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Horace Mann

United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859), pro-public school education

Dorthea Dix (1802-1887)

Reform Movement, Humane treatment in mental health including prison reform and asylums

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

Founded the National Women's suffrage association. Promoted Women's rights and thought women were equla under the law

Indian Removal Act

(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

Causes and Effects War of 1812

Causes: impressment of US citizens, British interference with American shipping, British support of Native American resistance
Effects: increase in American patriotism, weakened Native American resistance, U.S. manufacturing grew

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues (called the Nullification Crisis)

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.

Bank War (1832)

Battle between President Andrew Jackson and Congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank's renewal in 1832. Jackson vetoed the Bank Bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers.

John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)

Democratic

Domestic Affairs:
Corrupt Bargain
American System
Internal improvements

Foreign Affairs:
Hampered by opponents in Congress
Accomplishments came as Sec of State under Monroe

Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)

Democratic

Domestic Affairs:
Spoils system in appt's

Indian Removal
Worcester v Georgia
Trail of Tears
Rejection of American System
Eaton Affair
Tariff/Nullification crisis
Compromise of 1833
Take down of the Bank
Kitchen Cabinet
Peggy Eaton
Whigs
Bank War—Pet Banks

Foreign Affairs:
Near conflict with France over Napoleonic debts
Tariff of Abominations

Henry Clay's American System

Plan for economic growth: establish a protective tariff, establish a national bank, and improve the country's transporation system

Cult of Domesticity/Republican Motherhood

This idea refers to the idealization of women in their roles as wives and mothers.
The concept of "republican mother" suggested that women would be responsible for raising their children to be virtuous citizens of the new American republic.

Market Revolution & Impact on America

economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves- led the nation to being more connected as they received goods from each other-emergence of different economies

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects.

Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls 1848

This convention held in New York declared that "all men and women are created equal" in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence. One resolution at this convention demanded the ballot for females. This meeting in New York launched the modern women's rights movement.

Romanticism

a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.

Lucretia Mott

Quaker women's rights advocate who also strongly supported abolition of slavery

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)

Essayist, poet. A leading transcendentalist, emphasizing freedom and self-reliance in essays which still make him a force today. Was an Abolitionist.

Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)

American transcendentalist, a committed idealist and abolitionist, he advocated civil disobedience, spending a night in jail for refusing to pay a poll tax to a government that supported slavery.

Innovations: Market Revolution

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Railroads, Erie Canal, Steel Plow, Cotton Gin, Lowell System, Telegraph, etc.

2nd Great Awakening

Series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on methodism and baptism, stressed philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for protestants. Attracted women, African Americans,and Native Americans