History- USA

The Wall street crash- date and how it affected usa

October 1929. 2.5 million unemployed, black unemployment higher by 30% compared to white people, farmers couldn't sell their produce

Roosevelt and the New Deal

Franklin D Roosevelt won election against Herbert Hoover in 1932. New Deal would: Relief, Recover, Reform. Also did fireside chats to inform the country on his plans and to give them reassurance.

The Three R's meanings

Relief- assist in the removal of poverty, provide food for the starving, intervene to prevent people from losing homes/farms.

Recover- Boost the economy so that people could get jobs.

Reform- Ensure that there were welfare provisions in the future to help the unemployed, old, sick, disabled, and destitute.

Republicans believed these were violating the rights and liberties of American citizens as they increased minimum wage, angered the employers/republicans.

The alphabet agencies

Nickname for the New Deal programs that were often referred to by their initials

Post-war affluence

Franklin D Roosevelt dies in 1945, VP Harry S Truman sworn in. Americans spent $100billion they had saved during the war and spent it on consumer goods. Because being sold so well, they could be sold for cheaper, making more people able to get tvs and cars.

Suburbanisation

Late 1940s and 1950s. Middle class families moved from cities to create ideal American dream families/lifestyle.

Poverty in the midst of plenty

In 1959, 29 percent of the population lived below poverty line. Many black. People's income was affected by the area they lived in. Southern states struggled most as majority african-american.

Black Americans in WW2

US air force not allow black pilots, black soldiers in britain treated better than in usa, nurses were only allowed to treat other black people. Employed as cooks and transporters, but sometimes dangerous.

Progress

By end of 1944, black soldiers were fighting in the units and hundreds were in marines and in army. Desegregation in navy came in 1946 and the other services in 1948. By 1955, army went from being most segregated organization in country to most successfully integrated.

The issue of education

Little rock highschool

In 1957 Governor Orville Faubus of Arkansas called out the National Guard to prevent the integration of Little Rock Central High School

Eisenhower sent in one thousand airborne soldiers to ensure the right of the "Little Rock Nine" to attend school—federal troops remained for the remainder of the school year

significance- involved president

The Montgomery bus boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

The montgomery improvement association

Organization formed by African Americans in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1956 to strengthen the bus boycott and to coordinate protest efforts of African Americans; led by Martin Luther King Jr.

Sit-ins in 1960

Civil Rights movement, where African Americans would refuse to give in to the "old" south ways and stand up for their rights as equal citizens

The freedom riders

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

The Birmingham march

Peaceful civil rights marchers were repelled by police with attack dogs and high pressure water hoses; King imprisoned, led Kennedy to pursue civil rights laws

The march on washington

held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally

Malcolm X

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s. Promoted separation not integration.

Selma and voting rights

The Selma Marches were a series of three marches that took place in 1965 between Selma and Montgomery, Alabama. These marches were organized to protest the blocking of Black Americans' right to vote by the systematic racist structure of the Jim Crow South

- Only 383 black voters , march on Selma . King wanted brutal reaction for publicity

- Americans were behind King , Johnson made bill to enfranchise black

The Mexico Olympics

major sporting event in 1968, two African American athletes give a black power salute that made news headlines worldwide

The black power movement

African American movement that focused on gaining control of economic and political power to achieve equal rights by force in necessary. (Malcolm X)

The Black panthers

A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. Set up in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. By end of 1968, 5,000 members. Wore uniforms. In 1969, 27 panthers killed and 700 injured by police and FBI.

Kennedy and the New Frontier

As president, Kennedy pushed for a package of new social welfare spending programs that he called the New Frontier. Hoping to inspire a new generation of young Americans, he told them to "ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country." Republicans and conservative southern Democrats, however, blocked most New Frontier legislation in Congress.

The great society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

Nixon and Watergate

Greatest political scandal in American History. Nixon set up Committee to Re-Elect the president. Burglars broke into Watergate. Claims he did not have involvement. White house tapes handed over. Nixon resigns, is pardoned but 52 individuals serve prison sentences related to the scandal.

Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education

A decision of the United States Supreme court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students and denying black children equal educational opportunities unconstitutional. 1954

significance- one of first wins for african americans, gave hope, supreme court involved.

Guerilla

type of fighting in which soldiers use swift hit-and-run attacks against the enemy

Vietnam war USA tactics

Agent orange- chemical that would destroy forests and nature

Napalm bomb- blast and splatter petroleum jelly at 800 C

Burnt down villages of any people who would support Vietcong.

Vietnam War dates and combatants

1957-1975; North and South Vietnam; US supported South Vietnam until 1973

changin role of women

higher wages

number of women employed increase from 12mil in 1940 to 18.5 mill in 1945

change in attitude- gave women confidence and proved to society they could work.

300,000 women served in women's sections of army

Alphabet agencies examples

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was set up to solve the problems of poverty, underdevelopment and soil erosion in states along the Tennessee River.

The Commodity Credit Corporation paid farmers to store food in warehouses instead of selling it.

SALT

negotiations between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics opened in 1969 in Helsinki designed to limit both countries' stock of nuclear weapons

CREEP

Richard Nixon's committee for re-electing the president. Found to have been engaged in a "dirty tricks" campaign against the democrats in 1972. They raised tens of millions of dollars in campaign funds using unethical means. They were involved in the infamous Watergate cover-up.

Vietcong

North Vietnamese troops who used guerilla tactics

The Berlin blockade and airlift

In 1948, Berlin was blocked off by the Soviet Union in order to strangle the Allied forces. In order to combat this, the United States began to airlift supplies into Berlin.

The iron curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

President Reagan successes and failures

- Served 2 terms

-spent $2.3 billion a year on AIDS research

- national debt of $1 trillion

- made elderly pay more for health care

- lost popularity for opposing abortion + lack of concern for gender issues

- cut welfare programs that spent over $20 billion a year to support the struggling

Jim Crow Laws

Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights

Helsinki Agreement

(1975)Policy of detente reached high point when all European nations, US, and Canada signed this. Agreed Europe's existing political frontiers could not be changed by force. Solemnly accepted numerous provisions guaranteeing human rights ad political freedoms of citizens. Brezhnev's Soviet Union ignored human rights provisions.

Reasons for the Cold War

-US fear of communism's attack

-Truman's hatred of Stalin

-United States refusal to give nuclear secrets

-USSR's dislike of capitalism

-USSR's need for a secure western border

-USSR's aim of spreading world communism

Growth of Women's Rights

- contraceptive pill, margaret sanger was developer. went on market in 1960

- employment of women was more common, but was more stereotypical jobs

- 300,000 american women enlisted and served during war

- won a permanent place in the us armed forces

- by 1945 more than 6million women have war jobs

- women paid less doing exact same jobs

- 13 million have jobs fixing cars, firefighters, construction, and farming