Final

Wagner's Relation to Nietszchean Ideal

Wagner embodied the Dionysian ideal that Nietzsche yearned for, becoming a German superhero.

How did Strauss's Career Start

Initially a strict Brahmsian, Strauss transitioned to a confirmed Wagnerian.

Wolf's View on Brahms

Wolf expressed disdain for Brahms's conservatism.

Shoenberg's Emulation of Brahms and Wagner

Shoenberg sought to emulate the linear, horizontal orientation in compositional procedures of both Brahms and Wagner.

Schoenberg's Inherited Process

Schoenberg inherited the musical realization of a germinal motive.

What starting place did Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, Anton Webern, Igor Stravinsky, Béla Bartók, and Charles Ives have in common?

all wrote tonal music in late Romantic styles before devising new post-tonal idioms.

Schoenberg's View on his own Destiny

Schoenberg saw himself as reestablishing the primacy of Austro-German music.

Schoenberg's Shift to Atonality

Schoenberg moved to atonality in the interest of innovation and tradition renewal.

Schoenberg's Attitude towards Debussy and Ravel

Schoenberg questioned whether both his and the French's music could be considered music.

Creation of 12 Tone System

Schoenberg developed the 12-tone system in the 1920s.

Schoenberg's View on Repetition

Schoenberg favored variation over repetition in his music.

Emancipation of Dissonance

Dissonances were freed from resolving to consonance.

Schoenberg's Coherence in Atonal Music

Schoenberg achieved coherence through developing variation, harmony-melody integration, and chromatic saturation.

Composing with Tones of a Motive (Schoenberg)

     He integrated melody and harmony from a set of intervals, or pitch-class set, by using the melodic intervals as harmonic intervals as well.

Chromatic Saturation

Chromatic saturation involves all twelve pitch-classes within a music segment.

What does Erwartung exemplify?

musical expressionism portraying emotions through dissonances and gestures and pushed non-repetition to an extreme

 .

Structure of Peirrot Lunaire

Peirrot Lunaire consists of twenty-one poems set for Sprechstimme and chamber ensemble.

Traditional Elements in Peirrot Lunaire (6)

Peirrot Lunaire includes traditional elements like waltz, serenade, barcarolle, aria over a walking bass, canon and passacaglia.

Polyphonic Devices in Peirrot Lunaire (5)

Peirrot Lunaire uses canonic imitation, both strict and free, stretti, augmentation, and diminution.

Schoenberg's Problem with Atonal Methods

Schoenberg struggled with the formal coherence of atonal music and had to rely on written text to sustain pieces of any length .

Schoenberg's Solution to problems of atonal methods

the twelve-tone method to address the coherence issue.

Forms of the Tone Row

The tone row can appear in prime, inversion, retrograde, and retrograde inversion forms.

Compositional Practices in Schoenberg's Technique

Schoenberg's technique combined developing variation, systematic use of sets, and chromatic saturation.

24.  Who were the members of the Second Viennese School?

Schoenberg and his students Berg and Webern are known as the Second Viennese School, drawing an implicit connection to the first Viennese threesome, Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven

25.  What did Berg adopt from Schoenberg?

He adopted Schoenberg’s atonal and twelve-tone methods

26.  How did Berg achieve greater popular success than Schoenberg?

by infusing his music with familiar forms, expressive gestures, and characteristic styles of tonal music

 

27.  Name the great work of Expressionism composed by Berg between 1914 and 1921.

Wozzeck

28.  What devices does he use to organize Wozzeck?

through the use of leitmotivs, pitch-class sets identified with the main characters, and traditional forms

29.  What purpose do the tonal references in Wozzeck serve?

helped him to convey strong emotions in a language that listeners could understand

30.  How did berg reconcile tonality with tone-rows?

Berg often chose rows that allowed for tonal-sounding chords and chord progressions.

 

31.  What are the chief stylistic differences between the music of Berg and Webern?

a.      Berg’s work springs more from German Romanticism than Webern’s.

32.  What was Webern’s belief about 12-tone music?

He believed that twelve- tone music was the inevitable result of music’s evolution throughout history

33.  Give three characteristics of Webern’s music.

His works are usually brief, spare in texture, often canonic, and without tonal references

34.  What are Klangfarbenmelodie?

the changes in instrumental colour are as much part of the melodic line as the pitch.

35.  How does Webern integrate tradition with innovation in the first movement of the Symphony,

with a reinterpretation of sonata form and procedures from Renaissance polyphony.

 

36.  Who once characterized Schoenberg's students as docile men who displayed "sectarian fanaticism and spineless devotion to their master"?

Ernst Krenek.

37.  Who compared Webern’s work to “dazzling Diamonds”?

Stravinsky.

38.  How did Stravinsky begin as a composer? How did he end up?

began as a Russian nationalist and ended as a cosmopolitan

 

39.  How did Schoenberg view Mahler?

As a teacher.

40.  How did Schoenberg view Stravinsky?

As a charlatan and a threat.

 

41.  How would you describe the relations between Shoenberg and Stravinsky?

a.      They were locked in a power struggle that began before the onset of the First World War and that lasted until 1951.

42.  What was the real significance of Le Sacre du Printemps (1912)?

a.      The reaction the work created against atonal methods.

43.  What were the three aspects stravinsky’s style derived from Russian traditions?

1. undermining meter through unpredictable accents, rests, and rapid changes of meter;

2. frequent ostinatos; layering and juxtaposition of static blocks of sound;

3. discontinuity and interruption; dissonance based on diatonic, octatonic, other note collections; and a dry, anti-lyrical, but colorful use of instruments.

What fundamental idea did Stravinsky abandon in his music?

a.      The development of a motive in the traditional symphonic sense.

45.  With whom did Stravinsky associate in Paris?

debussy

46.  What was the effect of Stravinsky’s works composed between 1910 and 1914?

Shifting the focus of the musical world away from Germany to Paris and the Diaghilev Ballet.

47.  What three ballets did he write for the Ballets Russes?

The Firebird, Petrushka and The Rite of Spring

 

48.  Stravinsky’s works of this period adhered to what basic system?

tonality

49.  In what work did Stravinsky create neo-clacissism? 

Pulcinella (1919)

50.  How would you define neotonality?

A movement originating in France which rejected the excesses of German Romanticism. Neo-classicism (1910-1950) revived, imitated, or evoked the styles, genres, and forms of pre-Romantic music.

51.  Why did Stravinsky prefer to set text in Latin for Symphony of Psalms?

Stravinsky claimed to prefer the language for its ritualistic, phonetic quality, which could be interpreted without expressive tendencies.

52.  In what way is Symphony of Psalms neotonal?

It uses reiteration or other means to establish a tonal center, rather than traditional functional harmony.

53.  What Stravinsky’s last great neoclassical work?

The Rakes Progress

55.  How did Stravinsky’s music change after 1953?

Stravinsky adapted techniques from serial music (an extension of twelve-tone methods to parameters other than pitch) to his characteristic idiom.

 

56.  Janacek composed primarily in what medium?

Opera

Janacek’s first great success

Jenufa

62.  Who were the first modern composers to use the pentatonic scales extensively in their works?

    Bartok and Kodaly.

63.  Describe Kodaly’s orchestration.

Lush, romantic

64.  In Bartok, simultaneous use of superimposed tonal motifs leads to what?

a.      Atonality; specifically, polytonality.

65.  Bartok’s recitative style in Bluebeard has affinities with whom?

.      Mussorgsky.

Bartok’s recitative style is in the sharpest contrast to whom

Schoenberg.

67.  How did Bartok create an individual modernist idiom?

by synthesizing elements of Hungarian, Romanian, and Bulgarian peasant music with elements of the classical tradition

68.  What do peasant music and classical music have in common, that Bartok used in his own music?

a pitch center, diatonic scales, and motives that are repeated and varied

69.  What did Bartok take that was unique to classical music?

the classical tradition’s forms and counterpoint

70.  What traits did Bartok take from specific folk traditions?

the irregular meters, modal scales, melody types and ornamentation

71.  What is the form of “Legato and staccato”?

It is like a Bach two-part invention

72.  From where does the melody of legato and staccato derive?

Hungarian song, with short phrases, rising and falling within the interval of a fourth

73.  How would you describe bartoks neo-tonality?

It alludes both to the chordal motions and tonic-dominant polarities of classical music and to the ways peasant melodies establish a tonal center.

74.  What is Ives chief claim to fame?

the first to create a distinctly American body of art music

75.  In what four styles did Ives compose?

American vernacular music, Protestant church music, European classical music, and experimental music

76.  Describe the experimental features in Ives’ music.

polytonal (in two or more keys) and others that explored new ways to construct chords, layer multiple rhythms, or establish a tonal center.

77.  What is characteristic about ives Unanswered Question?

the first work to combine both tonal and atonal layers in one piece.

What is cumulative form?

1.      cumulative form, uses the procedures of thematic fragmentation and development of European sonata form but reverses the normal course of events so that the themes are developed before they appear in full near the end.

How did Ives use musical collage?

1.     He layered multiple borrowed tunes in a musical collage to suggest the process of remembering.

What was the nationalist view of French music in the Interwar period?

1.      Nationalists argued that French music was intrinsically classic, as opposed to the Romanticism of the Germans

What was Les Six?

1.     a group of French composers who sought to escape the old political dichotomies and wrote highly individual works that drew on a wide range of influences, including neoclassicism.

Which composer of the earlier generation was les six inspiration, and why?

1.     They drew inspiration as well from the iconoclasm and anti-Wagnerian sentiment of Satie

Name three of Les Six

Poulenc, Honegger, Milhaud

Which one of Les Six was largely self-taught?

Poulenc

Did Les six all compose in more or less the same style?

No

Who of les Six was inspired by Brazilian Jazz?

Milhaud

Who was the outstanding French symphonist of the century?

Honegger

Who rejected Satie?

Honegger

Who was the great song composer of les Six?

Poulenc

1.     What do Hindemith, Krenek and Weill have in common?

a.      They were all Germans who emigrated to the U.S. because of the Nazis.

1.     Which composer was distinguished by a concern for social justice?

a.      Kurt Weill.

1.     Which composer made a style of not composing in any one style?

a.      Krenek.

1.     Who was the most scholarly and intellectual in temperament?

Hindemith

1.     What composer inspired Hindemith’s neo-classicism?

Bach

What was the Neue Sachlichkeit?

1.     The New Objectivity (Neue Sachlichkeit) of the 1920s opposed complexity and favored music that was widely accessible, objective in expression, and connected to current concerns.

What piece embodies Neue Sachlichkeit , and by whom?

Jonny spielt auf by  Ernst Krenek(Johnny Strikes Up the Band, 1927), which was attacked by the Nazis as “degenerate” for its use of jazz.

Who was Weill’s collaborator on Mahagonny, and what is its’ theme?

1.     Bertolt Brecht it is an allegorical opera about the failures of capitalism.

From what is the Three Penny Opera adapted?

1.     The Beggar’s Opera,

Hindemith began in what musical style, and ended up in what style?

1.     he moved from expressionism to writing neotonal music that avoided Romantic expressivity

What is Gebrauchmusik?

1.      (music for use), music for young or amateur performers that was modern, challenging, and yet rewarding to perform

What is Carl Orff’s best-known work? In what ways does it owe a debt to Stravinsky?

Carmina burana (1936), which draws on Stravinsky, folk songs, chant, and medieval secular song in a pseudo-antique style based on drones, ostinatos, harmonic stasis, and strophic repetition.

Describe “socialist realism” in music

1.     accessible, melodic, folk-like music on patriotic or inspirational topics

What was Prokofiev’s initial reputation?

1.      a radical modernist

What was the character of Prokofiev music written for the communist regime?

1.     works in a more popular style

Which work of Shostakovich that angered the Soviet authorities in the 30’s?

1.      Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District (1934)