Anatomy Midterm: C1 - C5

answer with defintion

protection, provides sensory reception, synthesizes vitamins (D, etc.), temperature maintenence

4 functions of the skin

chemical that helps absorb sunlight - protects against skin cancer

melanin

functions to cover surfaces, line body cavities, and form protective sheets around organs

epidermal layers

skin is made of what two types of epidermal layers

epithelial, connective

3 types of epithelial membranes

cutaneous, mucous, serous

main type of connective tissue membrane

synovial membrane

_____ membranes cover your joints and lubricates them to allow them to bend

synovial 

5 layers of the skin

cutaneous membrane, epidermis, dermis, papillary layer, reticular layer

PICK ONE: hypodermis (is/is not) a “true” layer of the skin

is not

the protective membrane; the only membrane exposed and dry

cutaneous membrane

cutaneous membrane is made of _______ epithelial cells plus the dense CT underneath

stratified squamous

how many layers of epithelial skin do humans have? 

6-7

membrane that’s moist and line body cavities that are exposed

Bursitis

a curable inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction - common in people who constantly carry heavy objects > feels like sharp pain in shoulder or elbow joints when lifting objects

Tendonitis

temporary inflammation of tendon sheaths - common in wrists, ankles, and elbows; particularly affects people who use specific joints repeatedly (tennis, volleyball)

arthritis

inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints - most common in people over 40 - limits mobility in back, neck, hands, and knees

osteoporosis

disease in which bones become weak and brittle - people can break bones even from bumping into things - preventable ONLY before age 25, as you cannot intake calcium into your bones after that

22

there are ____ bones in the ENTIRE human head

coronal, sagittal, lambdoidal, squamosal

the 4 sutures in the skull are the:

sutures

immovable joints that connect bones fragments together

mandible

all cranial bones EXCEPT the _________ are joined by sutures

4*

there are ___ parts of the spine (*)

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, tailbone

the four parts of the spine are:

true

T or F: there are pieces of cartilage in between each spine bone

coronal

the ____ suture separates the frontal and two parietals bone - essentially in the middle of where a crown would sit

skull, vertebral column, thorax

the axial (up and down) skeleton consists of three parts:

protecting brain & facial bones, holding eyes in place, providing space for muscle attachment

the cranium has 3 main functions:

parietal, temporal

the two bones with pairs in the skull

frontal, parietal p, temporal p., occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

the eight flat bones of the skull are: *denote paired bones with “p.”

sagittal

the ____ suture separates the left and right coronal bones - goes STRAIGHT DOWN the BACK of the skull

lambdoid

the ____ suture separates the occipital and two parietal bones - wraps around the BOTTOM BACK of the head

squamous

the ____ suture separates the parietal from the temporal bone - connects your TOP AND BOTTOM half of head

mental foramen

allows blood to go through each side of your face - one on each side of the mandible

foramen

another word for hole, often to let blood flow throughout the body

hyoid

the only bone in the body that is not connected to ANY other bone (essentially floating) - allows one to amplify their voice and keep its tongue in correct positioning

lacrimal

bones that provides a passage way for tears

vomer, mandible

out of all of the bones in the human head, the ___ and the ____ are the only SINGLE bones - the rest are paired

hung, strangled

the hyoid bone can ONLY be broken when you are ___ or ___

lighten, voice

the paranasal sinuses work to ____ the skull and amplify the ____

fontenal

the spot between a baby’s frontal and parietal bones that remains soft until 2 years old

vertebral column

composed of 26 irregular bones; works to support the skull, transfer weight, and protect the nerves within

26

the vertebral column is made up of ___ irregular bones - most are single; sacrum and coccyx are fused together (still counts as separate bones)

intervertebral discs

vertebrae are separated by cartilage pads, also known as ______ ______ that absorb shock and provide cushion between each bone

paralysis

extreme damage to the spinal cord can result in ____

false

T or F: the spine is naturally and completely straight

4

the spine has ___ types of curvatures

thoracic, sacral

primary curvatures of the spine include ___ and ____

cervical, lumbar

the secondary curvatures of the spine include _____ and _____

thinner

the closer you get to the neck, the ______ the vertebrae are

spinous process

the bony part of your spine that protrudes towards your posterior

thicker

as you go down the spine, the vertebrae get (thicker/thinner)

vertebral foramen

the canal for passage of the spinal cord

body, centrum

the weight bearing part of the spine is known as the ____, or _____

vertebral arch

past of the spine formed from the laminae, pedicles, and body

transverse process

the part of the spine that has lateral projections from the arch

articular process

the part of the spine where 1 vertebra meets with another

atlas

the top bone of the spine; the C1 bone

axis

the second bone of the spine; C2 bone

atlas*

the occipital bone rests on the ___ bone (*)

7

there are ___ cervical vertebra

12

there are ___ thoracic vertebra

5

there are ___ lumbar vertebra

thoracic

the ____ vertebra are the ONLY part of the spine that connects to the ribs