Studied by 52 peopletheory of Pangea
continents were once settled together into one mega-continent
what the Great Ice Age covered
North America and present day American Midwest
glaciers shrunk
Great Ice Age diminished
emergence of Land Bridge
linked Asia and North America
people crossed land bridge
entered North, Central, and South Americas
small populations
made it easier for Europeans to colonize continent
new trade routes
what Columbus looked for
Columbian Exchange
increase of global commerce, brought new crops to America, brought livestock, sugar coffee, guns, disease-corn and potatoes provided caloric foods Europeans carried disease through rats
because of Columbus landing in the Americas
90% of Natives die because of no immunity to plague
Treaty of Tordesillas
Spanish and Portuguese divide America
why Aztec, Mayan, and Inca civilization grew
innovations in agriculture and creation of primitive governments
technology Indigenous people didn't have
wheat, ships, guns, writing, metalwork
technology Indigenous people did have
farming, step pyramids, calendar, astronomy
reason Natives traded with Europeans for guns
defense against other tribes
why all tribes and Spanish came together
to defeat Aztecs and Trade Goods
Natives before Europeans
spread maize (corn) from Mexico into American southwest which supported economic development, irrigation systems, diversification: corn=civilization
European exploration
stemmed from search for new resources
Incans
highly advanced South American civilization in Peru
Aztecs
created math and writing, conquered other tribes, one large group, only real empire in America, enslaved other tribes, human sacrifice, hated by Shawnee, Apache, Cherokee and Comanche
Plantation
commercial crop farm employing indentured servants and then slave labor
Encomienda
Spanish government law to give Natives to colonists to Christianize them
Mestizos
mixed Native and European heritage
Conquistadores
16th century Spanish who spread out across the Americas
Pueblo Revolt
Pueblo Indians revolt that drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico, burnt down all of the Catholic churches
Battle of Acoma
between Spaniards and Pueblo Indians, Spain won establishing New Mexico
Ferdinand of Aragon
sovereign in Spain who married Isabella of Castile
Christopher Columbus
Italian explorer persuaded Spain to fund trip to India, discovered New World instead
Francisco Coronado
searched for golden cities (Aztecs). Traveled through Arizona, New Mexico and Kansas. Discovered Grand Canyon, Colorado River, and Buffalo herds
Francisco Pizarro
conquered Icans and generated wealth
Bartholome de Las Casas
Spanish Missionary who spoke out against encomienda
Hernan Cortes
worked with Natives to fight Aztecs
Moctezuma
Aztec chieftain, believed Cortes was Quetzalcoatl (Aztec god)
Robert de La Salle
traveled the Mississippi River
Iroquois Confederation
developed the political and organization skills to sustain a robust military allience
marriage between Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille and the expulsion of Muslims from Spain
made Spain eager to outrace Portuguese and tap into West Indies
Europeans wanted goods from India
eager for new trade routes
Bahamas
where Columbus landed
The Caribbean
served as a "base of operations" for Spanish conquer of Americas
Cortes solution to preventing retreat
burning of Spanish ships
Moctezuma's allowance for Spaniards to enter his kingdom
eventually led to the Aztecs attack on Cortes and Cortes overthrowing the Aztecs
fundamental factors that drew Europeans to the exploration, conquest, and settlement of the New World
need for land, need for new trade routes to India, competition, and need for resources
impact on Indian's because of European exploration, conquest and settlement of the New World
disease, loss of land, colonization, religious conversion, conquered tribes, and weapons
Note
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