memory, thinking, and language test

priming

the (often unconscious) activation of particular associations of memory

memory

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

involves parallel processing

encoding

the process of putting something into memory

storage

the process of retaining information in the brain over time

retrieval

the process of accessing and bringing stored information back into conscious awareness

three parts of memory

sensory, STM, LTM

two types of sensory memory

iconic and echoic

iconic memory

visual photographic memory (few tenths of a second)

echoic memory

auditory memory (3-4 seconds)

7 +- 2 objects

how much info does STM hold?

30 seconds

how long does STM last?

chunking

way to lengthen capacity of STM

hippocampus

processes explicit memories

cerebellum

processes implicit memories

basal ganglia

facilitates formation of procedural memories for skills

working memory

form of STM used for temporarily holding and manipulating information (STM and LTM combine)

central executive

control center of working memory, essential for planning, problem-solving, and decision making

phonological loop

responsible for processing and storing verbal information

visuo-spatial sketchpad

handles visual and spatial information, temporary storage and manipulation of images and spatial relationships enabling navigation, geometry, visual tracking

long term potentiation

long lasting strengthening of connections between two neurons

flashbulb memory

a clear memory of emotionally significant moment or event

structural

type of shallow processing that focuses on physical structure of information

phonemic

type of shallow processing that involves auditory aspects of info

method of loci

method of encoding that uses visualizations of familiar spatial environments in order to enhance the recall of information

explicit

consciously acting to reall or recognize info, encoded through effortful processing

implicit

recalling/recognizing information without being consciously aware of doing so

episodic

personally experienced events

semantic

general factual knowledge

procedural

memory for skills or habits

prospective memory

remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention, an action triggered by specific cues, or an action at a specific time

external cues

environmental factors or objects that trigger memories

internal cues

thoughts or feelings associated with original learning

primary effect

more likely to remember first items on list

recency effect

more likely to recall last items in a list

self-monitoring

assessing one’s own learning and memory processes

self-regulation

adjusting strategies to improve learning and recall