APEURO MIDTERM

Humanism

Focus on human potential and secularism.

Italian Renaissance

Art, perspective, da Vinci, Michelangelo, Machiavelli.

Northern Renaissance

Christian humanism; Erasmus, More, Dürer.

Printing Press

Gutenberg; spreads ideas and Reformation.

New Monarchs

Centralized power: Henry VII, Ferdinand & Isabella, Louis XI.

Age of Exploration

Tech-driven; Portugal & Spain lead.

Rivals on World Stage

Spain vs Portugal; later England, France, Dutch.

Columbian Exchange

Crops, animals, people, disease exchange.

Slave Trade

Grew with plantation economies.

Commercial Revolution

Joint-stock companies, banking, mercantilism.

Causes of Reformation

Church corruption, indulgences, humanism.

Martin Luther

95 Theses; faith alone; Bible in vernacular.

Spread of Protestantism

Lutheranism, Calvinism, predestination.

English Reformation

Henry VIII breaks from Rome; Anglican Church.

Wars of Religion

French Wars, Dutch Revolt, Thirty Years’ War.

Peace of Westphalia

Ends Thirty Years’ War; state sovereignty.

Catholic Reformation

Council of Trent, Jesuits, Baroque art.

16th Century Society

Witch hunts, enclosure, gender debates.

Mannerism & Baroque

Mannerism: emotional; Baroque: dramatic.

State Building

Stronger militaries, taxes, bureaucracies.

Absolutism (France)

Louis XIV; Versailles; divine right.

Constitutionalism (England)

Civil War, Cromwell, Glorious Revolution.

English Bill of Rights

Constitutional monarchy established.

Economics

Mercantilism, Navigation Acts, putting-out system.

Dutch Golden Age

Trade, banking, art (Vermeer, Rembrandt).

Balance of Power

Prevent any nation from dominating.

Absolutist Monarchs

Louis XIV, Peter the Great, Frederick William.

Comparison

France absolutist; England constitutional.

Scientific Revolution

Bacon (empiricism), Descartes (rationalism).

Astronomy

Copernicus, Galileo, Newton.

Enlightenment

Reason, progress, philosophes.

John Locke

Natural rights: life, liberty, property.

Montesquieu

Separation of powers.

Voltaire

Free speech; anti-Church.

Rousseau

General will; social contract.

18th-Century Society

Population growth; Agricultural Revolution.

Arts

Rococo decorative; Neoclassicism orderly.

Enlightened Absolutism

Frederick, Catherine, Joseph II.

Causation

Sci Rev + Enlightenment → revolutions/reforms.

Crisis of Old Regime

Debt, inequality, Enlightenment influence.

French Revolution Stages

Moderate, Radical, Directory, Napoleon.

Effects of Revolution

End feudalism; rise nationalism; legal equality.

Napoleon

Code, empire, Continental System.

Defeat of Napoleon

Russia, Waterloo, exile.

Congress of Vienna

Restores balance; conservative reaction.

Romanticism

Emotion, nature, nationalism.

Industrial Revolution

Britain: coal, rivers, capital, agriculture.

Technological Changes

Spinning jenny, water frame, steam engine.

Urbanization

Pollution, overcrowding, disease.

Class Changes

Middle class grows; working class expands.

Factory System

Long hours, child labor, discipline.

Economic Changes

Capitalism; laissez-faire (Adam Smith).

Reforms

Factory Acts, Mines Act.

Art

Realism & Impressionism show modern life.