PBS: Unit 2.2.4 - 2.2.6

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

Cancer

any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division

Prophase

Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

Metaphase

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

Telophase

the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division

Anaphase

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

cell cycle

The regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo

daughter cells

the two new cells that result from mitosis and cytokinesis

parent cell

original cell before cell division

Mutation

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

Nucleotides in DNA

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

nucleotides in RNA contain

1. The sugar ribose

Genome

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes

prognosis

a forecast of the probable course and outcome of a disease or situation

geneticist

a specialist in the field of genetics

Alleles

different versions of a gene

dominant allele/trait

An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present.

Recessive allele/trait

An allele or trait that is masked when a dominant allele/trait is present

Homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait

Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

Pedigree

A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family.

Autosomes

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

sex chromosomes

One of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the human, contains genes that will determine the sex of the individual.

autosomal dominant

inheritance pattern of a dominant allele on an autosome

autosomal recessive

inheritance pattern of a recessive allele on an autosome

Punnett Square

A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross

Hormones

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

endocrine system

the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Pancreas

An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.

Testies and ovaries

secretes male/female sex hormones

cytogeneticist

a scientist who studies chromosomes under the microscope

Karotype

the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.

Karyotyping

Test used to determine if the chromosomes are normal in structure & number

Gamates

reproductive cells

Meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

Nondisjunction

Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate.

Monosomy

Chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one chromosome from the normal diploid number

Trisomy

a condition in which an extra copy of a chromosome is present in the cell nuclei, causing developmental abnormalities.

deletion mutation

a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are removed from a gene

insertion mutation

a mutation in which one or more nucleotides are added to a gene

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

A metabolic disorder that is caused by defective or absent receptors for LDLs on cell surfaces, that is marked by an increase in blood plasma LDLs and by an accumulation of LDLs in the body resulting in an increased risk of heart attack and coronary heart disease, and that is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.

PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

A laboratory technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules, and nucleotides.

restriction enzymes

Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides