Anatomy Quiz #1

Nucleus

Control center of the cell; stores DNA

Nucleolus

ribosomes production

Nuclear Envelope

Double membrane surrounding nucleus; has pores for transport.

Ribosomes

creates Protein synthesis (free ribosomes → cytoplasmic proteins; bound ribosomes → secreted/membrane proteins).

Rough ER

Studded with ribosomes; modifies and transports proteins

Smooth ER

Lipid synthesis, Carbs, calcium storage

Golgi Apparatus

Packages, modifies and sorts proteins into vesicles

Transport Vesicle

carries substances around the cells organelles

Secretory vesicle

carries digestive enzymes outside the cell

Lysosome

digest unwanted organelles

Vacuole

Storage (larger in plants; in animal cells, small for storage/transport)

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell; site of ATP production

Centrioles

Organize microtubules, cell division (spindle formation)

Cilia

Hairlike projections; move substances across cell surface

Flagella

Long projection; propels cell (e.g. sperm)

Fluid

phospholipids move freely, allowing flexibility

Mosaic

Membrane has diverse proteins cholesterol, carbohydrates embedded in phospholipid bilayer

Passive Transport

No energy required; movement down concentration gradient

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from high → low concentration. no atp

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Isotonic

Solute concertation equal inside/outside; no net water movement

Hypertonic

Solution has higher solute; water leaves cell → cell shrinks.

Hypotonic

Solution has lower solute; water enters cell → cell swells. could burst

Facilitated Diffusion

Diffusion via carrier/channel proteins (still passive) low to high

Active Transport

requires ATP; moves substances against gradient symporters) and countertrasnport (antiporters)

Endocytosis

Brining substances into cell 3 parts phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated

Phagocytosis

cell eating; engulfing large particles

Pinocytosis

cell drinking; uptake of fluid small molecules

Receptor-Mediated

selectively internalize specific molecules, such as nutrients and hormones, through the binding of these molecules to receptors on the cell surface.

Exocytosis

vesicle fuses with membrane to release substances

Simple Squamous

1-layer, flat cells; diffusion/filtration (lungs, blood vessels)

Simple cuboidal

1 layer, cube-shaped; secretion/absorption (kidney tubules, glands).

Nonciliated Simple Columnar

tall cells, no cilia; absorption & secretion (intestines).

Ciliated Simple Columnar

tall cells with cilia; move mucus/eggs (respiratory tract, uterine tubes).

Keratinized Stratified Squamous

multiple layers, surface keratinized; protection (skin).

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous

moist protection; mouth, esophagus, vagina.

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar

looks multilayered, all cells touch basement membrane, cilia; moves mucus (trachea, respiratory tract).

Transitional

dome-shaped cells, stretchable; urinary bladder, ureters.

Exocrine Gland

secretes via ducts (sweat, salivary).

Endocrine Gland

ductless; secretes hormones into blood.

Loose (Areolar)

loose fibers, cushions organs, holds fluids; under epithelia.

Adipose

fat storage, insulation, protection; under skin, around organs.

Dense Regular Collagenous

parallel collagen fibers; tensile strength in one direction (tendons, ligaments).

Dense Irregular Collagenous

irregular collagen; strength in many directions (dermis, joint capsules).

Hyaline Cartilage

smooth, glassy; support & cushioning (nose, trachea, ends of long bones).

Elastic Cartilage

flexible support; ear, epiglottis.

Fibrocartilage

tough, resists compression; intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci.

Spongy Bone

trabeculae with spaces for marrow; site of blood cell production.

Compact Bone

• dense, strong, forms outer shell of bones.

What is the light blue part called

Periosteum

what is the swirly tan/yellow part called

Compact bone

What is the light pink part called

Endosteum

what is the last layer light pink part called

Marrow

What is the dark pink part called

Cancellous