Day 1 (general geology)

ZIPS (Zambales, Isabela, Pujada Peninsula, South Palawan)

Complete ophiolitic sequence found in the PH.

Agusan-Davao basin

Thickest sedimentary basin located within the PMB.

Zamboanga (2cm/year westward)

Slowest rate of movement in the Philippines.

Io

It is the most volcanically active world in the solar system.

Vesta

It is the 2nd most massive body in the Asteroid belt, and the brightest asteroid in the sky.

Bondoc Meteorite

Only Mesosiderite meteorite found in the PH.

Scissor

A fault on which there is increasing offset or separation along the strike from an initial point of no offset, with reverse offset in the opposite direction.

Wrench

A strike slip fault in which the fault plane is more or less vertical.

Transcurrent

A large scale strike-slip fault in which the fault surface is steeply inclined.

Transform

A variety of strike-slip fault along which the displacement suddenly stops or changes form, typically associated with mid-ocean ridges.

Extraction

A fault whose two sides have approached each other substantially in the direction perpendicular to the fault.

Pure extraction

An extraction fault with no discernible displacement within the fault plane.

Mixed extraction

An extraction fault with some displacement within the fault plane.

Oblique slip

The net slip of the fault lies between the strike and dip directions of the fault, the slip vector rakes between 10 and 80 degrees in the plane of the fault.

Strike separation sense

A fault along which there is some separation parallel to the strike of the fault.

Stickolites

Tubular structures perpendicular to pressure solution seams in limestones.

Byerlee's law

This law models critical shear strength through the frictional upper crust.

McKenzie model

The pure shear model for rifting, where the lithosphere is stretched symmetrically in an overall pure-shear style.

Lacuna

Missing stratigraphic/time interval within the unconformity.

Buttress unconformity

Younger bedding is deposited on significant predepositional topography, making the younger deposits look truncated.

Blended unconformity

No distinct surface of separation or sharp contact and often with soils that is incorporated by younger sediments.

Stishovite

It is the silica polymorph in the lower mantle.

Gshelia sp. (rugose coral)

The oldest fossil in the Philippines.

Radiolarian

This Cambrian-Recent fossil is useful in dating ophiolites and ophiolitic sequences.

ABEL bombardment

The accretion of the bio-elements that resulted to the formation of atmosphere and ocean.

Iridium

An element that led to the bolide impact hypothesis for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction.

Eocene thermal maximum

Involved increased atmospheric methane from clathrates that caused many reptilian and mammalian orders to go extinct.

Taconic/Taconian orogeny

The oldest orogenic event forming the Appalachian mountains in North America.

Precambrian period

The Canadian shield of North America is composed of rocks dated in what period?

Lesser Antilles

Product of the subduction of the Atlantic seafloor beneath the Caribbean plate.

Andes volcanoes

Products of molten rock generated by the subduction of Nazca Plate beneath South American continent.

Juan de Fuca plate

Moves in a southeasterly direction, eventually being subducted under the west coast of the United States.

Chikyu

World's most advanced drilling ship.

JOIDES resolution

Allowed the study of earthquake-generating zones at convergent plate margins and for the direct examination of oceanic plateaus and seamounts.

Glomar challenger

Revealed that sediments are almost entirely absent on the ridge crest and that the sediment thickness increases with increasing distance from the ridge.

SNC meteorites

Meteorites that came from Mars.

T-Tauri stage

The nebula may have lost about half of its initial mass during this stage characterized by less vigorous activity, lasting up to 10 Ma.

Solar wind

A stream of charged particles changed character during the T-Tauri stage and began to emanate radially outward from the sun rather than spirally from the poles.

Transpressional

Movement of the northern segment (NW Luzon to Lamon Bay) of the Philippine Fault.

Left-lateral

Movement of the central segment (Bondoc to Leyte) of the Philippine Fault.

Normal

Movement of the southern segment (Mindanao and Moluccas) of the Philippine Fault.

Kuroshio current

The ocean current near the Philippines.

Upwelling ocean current

Warm, nutrient-poor water is replaced by cold, nutrient-rich water.

Albedo

The percentage of light that can be reflected by a certain feature.

Allodapic limestone

Reefal limestone that was transported from shallow to deeper region.

Shallow marine

Best environment for the cone karsts of Chocolate hills.

Deep marine

Best environment for the graded bedding with load casts and flame structures.

Glacial

Best environment for striations on bedrock and nearby boulders that are different from bedrock.

Lithics

Dominant composition of clastics in the Philippines.

Deep marine (PH context)/lacustrine

It is where you can see a complete Bouma sequence.

Suncups

It is a bowl-like depression melted into a snow or ice surface, separated by a network of connected ridges. They form during warm, sunny conditions.

Astrobleme

An ancient erosional scar, usually circular in outline, that forms on the earth's surface through the impact of a cosmic body.

Indonesia

It is the largest archipelago on Earth.

Tampakan

It has the biggest resource in terms of estimated porphyry.

Mindoro (Amnay ophiolite)

It is where you can find the youngest dated ophiolite in the PH.

Bohol

It is where the Alicia Schist is found.

Cebu (Lutopan diorite)

Where can you find the oldest dated magmatic rock in the PH?

Borneo

What is the third largest island on Earth?

Elastic manner (elastic theory)

The lithosphere is moving in what kind of manner?

Fracture

Any discontinuity in the rock is called ______.

Right-lateral

Movement of Tablas lineament.

Transpressional zone

What setting can you find petroleum fields?

Lubang-Verde Passage Fault System

This fault is consist of 1 right lateral and 1 left lateral strike slip fault.

45°

What is the maximum angle in shear modulus?

They are perpendicular to each other

What is the spatial relationship between ripple marks and the current?

Gobi (Mongolia)

Example of a Continental desert.

Suite

Comprised of 2 or more associated lithodemes.

Mesosphere

Coldest layer of the atmosphere.

-15 °C

The average surface temp if there is no global warming.

Sun

Shortwave radiation comes from the _____.

Horse latitude

They are the subtropical regions which are known to be the nightmare of the sailors.

Coriolis force

It is the deflection due to the rotation of the Earth.

Right lateral

Coriolis force in the Northern Hemisphere always moves to the _______.

Reverse/thrust fault

What type of fault is the 2013 Bohol Earthquake?

Megathrust fault

What type of fault is the 1976 Moro Gulf Earthquake?

Aquifuge

Is an absolutely impermeable rock formation which there is no possibility of storage or movement of water.

Running water

Single most important erosional agent sculpting Earth's land surface.

Beach nourishment

Adding of sediments to an eroding beach.

Palau - Kyushu Ridge

Divides the West Philippines Basin and the Parece-Shikoku Basin.

West and east (active) Marianas Ridge

Izu-Bonin is split into two ridges named:

80 mm/yr

Pacific Plates moves at a speed of_______.

4 km

Depth of South China Sea Basin.

NW Sub-basin

Part of the Sub-basin of Sulu Sea Basin that is inclined towards Palawan.

Marginal basin

Refers to an oceanic basin formed on the edge of a continental crust.

Isabela ophiolite

Has a north-south trending complete ophiolite sequence that forms the Cretaceous basement of the North Eastern Luzon Island.

Low degree of partial melting and slow spreading ridges

What does lherzolite mantle sequence implies?

Wadati-Benioff zone

Planar zone of seismicity corresponding with the down-going slab in a subduction zone.

Active margin

Type of continental margin that subducts at a mantle beneath the edge of a continent.

Atlantic ocean

has the most extensive abyssal plain.

Seamounts

Submarine volcanoes

HMS Beagle

What ship did Charles Darwin take his voyage on?

Columnar joints

A type of joint where igneous rocks cool and develop shrinkage fractures.

Conformable layers

Layers of rock without interruption.

Gastrolith

Highly polished stomach stones that were used in the grinding of food by some extinct reptiles.

Dendrochronology

Dating and study of annual rings in a tree.

6,378 km (6.378137 x 10⁶ m)

Equatorial radius of the Earth.

6,357 km (6.356752 x 10⁶ m)

Polar radius of the Earth.

6,371 km (6.3708 x 10⁶ m)

Radius of sphere of equal volume of the Earth.

1.0832 x 10²¹ m³ (2.6 x 10¹¹ mi³)

Volume of the Earth.

5.10 x 10¹⁴ m²

Area of the Earth.