AP World SAQ Unit 3/4 Practice Topics

Divine Right of Kings — Rulers claimed their authority came directly from God to justify absolute power

Mandate of Heaven — Chinese belief that rulers governed with divine approval as long as they ruled justly

Religious Authority (Ottomans) — Ottoman sultans used their role as caliphs to legitimize political power

Art and Architecture as Legitimacy — Rulers used monumental buildings to display wealth and reinforce authority

Court Rituals — Ceremonies and etiquette reinforced hierarchy and loyalty to rulers

Gunpowder Technology — Firearms and cannons increased military power and centralized states

Ottoman Use of Gunpowder — Cannons helped Ottomans conquer Constantinople and expand territory

Safavid Use of Gunpowder — Gunpowder weapons helped maintain control in Persia

Mughal Use of Gunpowder — Gunpowder weapons supported Mughal expansion and rule in South Asia

Standing Armies — Permanent armies strengthened state control and reduced noble power

Mita System — Forced Indigenous labor system used in Spanish silver mines

Encomienda System — Spanish system granting settlers control over Indigenous labor

Devshirme System — Ottomans took Christian boys to serve in government and military

Caste System (Mughal India) — Social hierarchy persisted under Muslim rulers in Hindu regions

Russian Serfdom — Peasants were legally bound to land and nobles

Confucian Bureaucracy — Civil service exams used to administer the Chinese empire

Manchu Rule — Qing dynasty rulers were ethnic Manchus governing Han Chinese

Tributary System — Foreign states paid tribute to China for trade access

Chinese Resistance to Foreign Influence — Qing rulers limited European trade and influence

Ivan IV — Ivan the Terrible strengthened autocratic rule in Russia

Peter the Great — Peter westernized Russia and expanded access to Europe

Russian Autocracy — Centralized rule with strong control by the monarch

Russian Expansion into Siberia — Russia expanded eastward to gain land and resources

Protestant Reformation — Movement challenging Catholic Church authority

European Wars of Religion — Conflicts between Catholics and Protestants destabilized Europe

Millet System — Ottoman policy allowing religious minorities self

rule

Ottoman Religious Tolerance — Religious pluralism allowed stability within the empire

Columbian Exchange — Transfer of goods, people, diseases, and ideas between hemispheres

Smallpox in the Americas — Disease that caused massive Indigenous population decline

Potato — American crop that increased European population growth

Maize — Crop that improved nutrition in Africa and Europe

Horses — Animals that transformed Indigenous transportation and warfare

Environmental Effects of the Columbian Exchange — Deforestation and soil depletion increased

Sugar Plantations — Large farms focused on cash crops for export

Maritime Empires — Empires based on naval power and overseas colonies

Spanish Maritime Empire — Focused on conquest and silver extraction

Portuguese Maritime Empire — Established coastal trading posts

English Maritime Empire — Focused on colonization and trade

French Maritime Empire — Established colonies for trade and agriculture

Dutch Maritime Empire — Dominated commercial trade networks

Navigation Technology — Advances like compasses and astrolabes enabled ocean travel

Improved Ship Design — New ships allowed longer and safer voyages

Chattel Slavery — Enslaved people treated as property

Indentured Servitude — Laborers worked for a fixed term in exchange for passage

Hacienda System — Large estates producing crops for profit

Plantation System — Large

scale farming dependent on enslaved labor

Mita in Colonial Americas — Spanish adaptation of the Inca forced labor system

Atlantic Slave Trade — Forced migration of Africans to the Americas

Triangular Trade — Trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas

Middle Passage — Transatlantic journey of enslaved Africans

African Elite Participation — Some African leaders sold captives to Europeans

Demographic Effects of Slavery — African population loss and American population growth

Mercantilism — Economic system where colonies benefit the mother country

Bullionism — Wealth measured by accumulation of gold and silver

Trade Monopolies — Colonies restricted to trading with the ruling nation

Economic Competition — European states competed for colonies and resources

Cultural Syncretism — Blending of cultures due to global interaction

Vodou — Religion blending African beliefs and Christianity

Santería — Syncretic religion in the Americas

Pueblo Revolt — 1680 Indigenous uprising against Spanish rule

Maroon Communities — Settlements formed by escaped enslaved people

Indigenous Resistance — Natives resisted European control through revolt and adaptation

Continuity — Aspects of society that remained the same over time

Change — Transformations caused by global interactions

Agricultural Continuity — Farming remained central to economies

Expansion of Global Trade — Trade networks expanded significantly

Land Use Change — Shift toward plantations and cash crops