Ethnicity- ethnic minority disadvantage

Income work wealth

• Wood- did a field experiment to examine job applications- they found that people with names associated with an ethnic minority background would have to make 16 applications before they got a positive response, compared with 9 applications for ‘white-sounding’ applicants

• Parkin- ethnic minorities are negatively privileged status group. Ethnic majority use social closure to prevent ethnic minorities from reaching positions of authority and status. As a result they face a concrete ceiling in the workplace

Education

• Mirza- studied black Afro-Caribbean girls and found that they faced institutional racism and negative labelling from teachers. Although they did resist thus and achieve in education, they still faced these negative attitudes and potentially do not achieve as well as they could due to lack of support from teachers

• Gillborn- argues that black Caribbean boys face institutional racism at school and that they are put into lower sets and entered for lower tier exams limiting their chances of success- this can again narrow their future opportunities

Media

• Alexander- asian youths in east London were unfairly targeted by police and the media. The ‘myth’ of the Asian gang was created whereby the media reported violent clashes between black and Asian gangs. Alexander argues that Asian boys were criminalised as a result of Islamophobia

• Van Dijk- used content analysis to study representations of ethnic groups in the uk over a 10 year period and found that the media stereotype black people in 5 ways. These were criminal, abnormal, a threat, unimportant and dependent

Crime

• Hood- black men were more likely than white men to receive custodial sentences for offences which have fines or community services as punishments. This shows evidence of ‘institutional racism’ in the police force

• Social Trends Survey- black people are almost 7x more likely to be stopped and searched than white people