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Biotechnology
Manipulation of organisms for human needs.
Gene Cloning
Creating copies of specific genes.
Genetic Engineering
Modifying DNA to introduce new traits.
Synthetic Biology
Designing and constructing new biological parts.
Recombinant DNA
Combining DNA from different organisms.
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Technique for cloning using somatic cells.
Gene Knockout
Disabling a specific gene to study effects.
Gene Therapy
Adding or replacing genes to treat diseases.
Genetic Screening
Testing DNA for genetic disorder risks.
Restriction Enzymes
Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences.
Restriction Site
Location on DNA where restriction enzymes cut.
Blunt Ends
Straight ends of DNA after cutting.
Sticky Ends
DNA ends with unpaired bases for easy joining.
Gel Electrophoresis
Technique to separate DNA fragments by size.
Restriction Map
Pattern of DNA fragments after electrophoresis.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Technique to amplify specific DNA sequences.
DNA Fingerprinting
Unique DNA pattern used for identification.
Transgenic Organisms
Organisms with genes from other species.
Golden Rice
Genetically modified rice for enhanced nutrition.
Bioluminescent E. coli
Bacteria engineered to produce light.
Knockout Experiments
Studies using organisms lacking specific genes.
Bt Corn
Corn genetically modified for insect resistance.
Green Revolution
Agricultural transformation through GMOs.
Proteomics
Study of proteins produced in cells.
Genomics
Study of genomes and their functions.
Human Genome Project
Mapping and sequencing human DNA.
HapMap Project
Studying genetic variation among populations.
Bioinformatics
Using databases to analyze biological data.
Gene Sequencing
Determining the order of DNA nucleotides.
Forensics
Application of biology in criminal investigations.
Healthcare
Use of biotechnology for medical advancements.
Agriculture
Application of biotechnology in farming.
Pharmaceuticals
Drugs produced using biotechnological methods.
Cloning
Creating genetically identical copies of organisms.
Dolly the Sheep
First cloned adult mammal in 1997.
Embryonic Stem Cell Research
Using stem cells for regenerative medicine.
Therapeutic Cloning
Cloning for medical treatments and research.
Environmental Pollutants
Substances that contaminate the environment.
DNA Samples
Biological material used for genetic analysis.
Nucleotide Sequences
Order of nucleotides in DNA.
Gene Function
Role of a gene in an organism.
Genetic Disorders
Diseases caused by abnormalities in genes.
Cell Functional Analysis
Studying the roles of proteins in cells.
Targeted Drug Therapy
Drugs designed to target specific genes.
Molecular Level Identification
Identifying individuals based on DNA.
Recombinant Protein Production
Producing proteins using recombinant DNA technology.
Disease-Resistant Plants
Plants engineered to resist diseases.
Food Crop Yields
Amount of food produced from crops.