genetics - final exam

initiation

initiation

where the ribosomal components, messenger RNA (mRNA), and the transfer RNA (tRNA) come together into one ribosomal unit. begins at the start codon.

elongation

the ribosome travels to the right of the start codon (towards the 3’ end) along the mRNA, and adds on to the polypeptide multiple times

termination

when a stop codon is encountered, the ribosome dissociates and releases the polypeptide along with its other translational components to recycle them

inducible gene with activator protein

no transcription because there is no inducer molecule

inducible gene with activator protein and inducer molecule

yes transcription can occur because there is an inducer molecule

repressible gene with repressor protein

yes transcription can occur because there is no corepressor

repressor gene with repressor protein and corepressor molecule

no transcription because there is a corepressor that allows the repressor to bind to the DNA

repressible gene with activator protein

yes transcription can occur because there is no inhibitor

repressible gene with activator protein and inhibitor molecule

no transcription because the inhibitor stops the activator from binding to the DNA

lactose and glucose absent, high levels of cAMP

no transcription

lactose and glucose present, low levels of cAMP

Little to no transcription

glucose present, lactose absent, low levels of cAMP

little to no transcription

what levels of regulation do eukaryotes share with bacteria?

transcription, translation, and post-translation

what level of regulation do eukaryotes have that bacteria lack?

RNA modification

which motifs function in DNA-binding?

helix-turn-helix, helix-loop-helix, zinc finger, and leucine zipper

which motif creates a dimer of two transcription factors?

leucine zipper and helix-loop-helix

glucocorticoids

steroid hormones that can cross the plasma membrane and enter cells

3 ways that regulatory transcription factors can be controlled

the binding of a small effector molecule, protein-protein interactions, and covalent modifications

what way is the action of the glucocorticoid hormone an example of?

the binding of a small effector molecule

is the glucocorticoid receptor an activator or repressor protein?

activator

what bases are purines, and which are pyrimidines?

A/G are purines and T/C are pyrimidines

is the glucocorticoid response element (GRE) an enhancer or silencer?

enhancer

histone acetylation leads to…

transcriptional activation

biological control

biological control is the use of living organisms or their products to alleviate plant diseases or damage from environmental conditions

bioremediation

bioremediation refers to the use of living organisms or their products to decrease pollutants in the environment

transgenic organism

carries a gene from another species

CRISPR-Cas technology

can inactivate a gene by introducing a deletion in it