PhysioEx: Renal System Physiology Exam 3

Which of the following lists the anatomical structures in the correct order as they are encountered by the blood itself during the process of filtration?

afferent arteriole, glomerular capillary, efferent arteriole

Bowman's capsule is connected to the beginning of the

proximal convoluted tubule.

The functional unit of the kidney is the

nephron

During the process of renal reabsorption, fluid and solutes move from the

renal tubule into the peritubular capillaries

What will happen to the glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate if you decrease the radius of the afferent arteriole?

Both pressure and filtration rate will decrease

What will happen to the glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate if you increase the radius of the afferent arteriole

Both pressure and filtration rate will decrease

What will happen to the glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate if you decrease the radius of the efferent arteriole?

Both pressure and filtration rate will increase.

Caffeine consumption leads to increased urine formation. From the results in this experiment thus far, you might propose that

caffeine dilates the afferent arteriole.

When you are in the desert and dehydrating, which of the following arteriole combinations would benefit you the most?

afferent constriction and efferent dilation

If you increase the afferent arteriole radius and keep all other variables constant, the glomerular filtration rate would

increase

If you decrease the efferent arteriole radius and keep all other variables constant, the volume of urine flowing into the urinary bladder would

increase

If you increase the efferent arteriole radius and keep all other variables constant, the glomerular filtration rate would

decrease

If you decrease the afferent arteriole radius and keep all other variables constant, the volume of urine flowing into the urinary bladder would

decrease

Which of the following forces promotes filtration?

blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries

The glomerular filtration rate can be altered by

changing the afferent arteriole resistance.

In 24 hours human glomerular capillaries can filter as much as __________ liters of filtrate

180

What will happen to the glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate if you increase the blood pressure in the left source beaker?

Both pressure and filtration rate will increase.

Predict Question 2: What will happen to the filtrate pressure in Bowman's capsule (not directly measured in this experiment) and filtration rate if you close the one-way valve between the collecting duct and the urinary bladder?

Both pressure and filtration rate will decrease.

What is the important relation that underlies the observed increase in glomerular filtration rate when the blood pressure is increased?

pressure and flow are directly proportional

What medical condition is analogous to the closed valve?

a tumor obstructing the renal tubule.

In humans, the glomerular filtration rate normally ranges from

80 to 140 ml/min

Which of the following does not have a significant impact on the glomerular filtration rate?

renal tubule length.

In the absence of any regulatory mechanisms, what do you think would happen to the glomerular filtration rate of a person who experiences an increase in blood pressure

The glomerular filtration rate could increase.

What would happen to the glomerular filtration rate of a person who experiences a large hemorrhage?

The glomerular filtration rate would decrease

If all other variables are kept constant, how does the afferent arteriole radius affect the rate of glomerular filtration?

An increased afferent arteriole radius will increase the rate of glomerular filtration

If all other variables are kept constant, how does the efferent arteriole radius affect the rate of glomerular filtration?

A decreased efferent arteriole radius will increase the rate of glomerular filtration

If all other variables are kept constant, how does blood pressure affect the rate of glomerular filtration?

Blood pressure directly affects glomerular filtration rate

In the absence of other renal processes (including tubular reabsorption and secretion), more glomerular filtration leads to a larger urine volume.

true

What will happen to the glomerular capillary pressure rate and glomerular filtration rate if both of these arteriole radii changes are implemented simultaneously with the low blood pressure condition?

Glomerular filtration rate and pressure will rise above baseline values.

If blood pressure were to drop (for example, as the result of blood loss), what changes in the nephron would allow the kidney to maintain its normal glomerular filtration rate?

afferent arteriole dilation and efferent arteriole constriction

Comparing the glomerular filtration rate and glomerular capillary pressure with the baseline values (from the first run), how effective was the increased afferent arteriole radius in compensating for the low blood pressure?

The afferent arteriole dilation returned the low glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate almost to baseline values.

Comparing the glomerular filtration rate and glomerular capillary pressure with the baseline values (from the first run), how effective was the decreased efferent arteriole radius in compensating for the low blood pressure?

The efferent arteriole constriction improved the low glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate marginally.

If all other variables are kept constant, when blood pressure decreases, glomerular filtration

decreases

If the efferent arteriole radius decreases in response to a decrease in blood pressure, then glomerular filtration

remains approximately the same

If all other variables are kept constant, when the efferent arteriole radius decreases, glomerular filtration

increases

With blood pressure held at a constant value, which of the following combinations will raise the glomerular filtration rate above baseline values?

afferent arteriole dilation and efferent arteriole constriction.

As filtrate passes through the nephron, the renal process of reabsorption describes

the movement of water and solutes from the tubule lumen, into the interstitial space, and, finally, into the peritubular capillaries

The maximum solute concentration refers to the amount of solutes

in the interstitial space.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) affects the permeability of

the collecting duct

ADH aids the reabsorption of

water

What will happen to the urine volume and concentration as the solute gradient in the interstitial space is increased?

The urine volume and concentration will decrease

Why is the solute concentration (mOsm) in the proximal tubule the same as in the blood?

Because water and many plasma solutes filter into Bowman's capsule.

In the presence of ADH, what component of the tubule fluid moves out of the collecting duct and into the interstitial space?

water

Tubule fluid osmolarity will always be the greatest in which of these locations?

the bottom of the loop of Henle.

Tubule fluid volume will always be the greatest in which of these locations

the proximal convoluted tubule.

Where does ADH directly alter the urine volume?

in the collecting duct

Renal processing of plasma glucose does not normally include

secretion

How does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) affect the renal processing of plasma glucose?

ADH has no direct effects on renal processing of plasma glucose

Glucose reabsorption in the nephron includes

secondary active transport along the apical membrane of proximal tubule cells

Because carrier proteins are required to move glucose from the lumen of the nephron into the interstitial spaces, which of the following statements is false?

The number of glucose carriers in a nephron can be altered as needed by the body

What will happen to the glucose concentration in the urinary bladder as glucose carriers are added to the proximal tubule?

The glucose concentration will decrease

Why is the glucose concentration the same in both Bowman's capsule and the urinary bladder

Glucose cannot be reabsorbed in the absence of carriers.

Glucose carrier proteins are located in which region of the nephron?

the proximal convoluted tubule.

If the concentration of glucose in the filtrate exceeds the transport capacity of the carrier proteins, then

a transport maximum has been reached

Why does glucose appear in the urine of untreated diabetic patients?

An excessive amount of glucose is present in their filtrate.

The total solute concentration surrounding the tubule lumen refers to the solutes in

the interstitial space

Aldosterone is produced in the

adrenal cortex.

ADH promotes the renal reabsorption of

water

Aldosterone promotes renal reabsorption of __________ and secretion of __________

NaCl, potassium.

What will happen to the urine volume (compared with baseline) when aldosterone is added to the distal tubule?

The urine volume will increase

What will happen to the urine volume (compared with baseline) when ADH is added to the collecting duct

The urine volume will decrease.

What will happen to the urine volume and the urine concentration (compared with baseline) in the presence of both aldosterone and ADH?

The urine volume and concentration will decrease.

Why is the concentration in the urinary bladder 100 mOsm?

No ADH has been added to this nephron.

In the presence of aldosterone, what component of the tubule fluid moves out of the distal tubule and into the interstitial space?

NaCl

In the presence of ADH, why did the urinary potassium concentration increase?

The water volume in the urinary bladder is decreased, increasing the concentration of solutes such as potassium.

In the presence of both ADH and aldosterone, why did the urinary potassium concentration increase?

There was more potassium secretion into the distal tubule and more water reabsorption in the collecting duct.

If there has been a significant loss of fluid from the body, the kidneys will generate __________ urine

hyperosmotic

If you drink a large volume of water, the kidneys will generate __________ urine

hypo-osmotic.

In response to dehydration, ADH will be released from the

posterior pituitary gland.

In response to abnormally low plasma osmolality, aldosterone will increase

sodium reabsorption along the distal tubule and the collecting duct

What are the two main parts of the nephron?

glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption

the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule

the efferent and afferent arteriole

the glomerulus and the proximal convoluted tubule

the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule

Which of the following describes the order in which blood flows through the nephron?

afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole

efferent arteriole, glomerulus, afferent arteriole

afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, glomerulus

glomerulus, afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole

afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

maintenance of plasma osmolarity

maintenance of electrolyte balance in the body

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the tissues

maintenance of acid-base balance of the blood

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the tissues

Which of the following should NOT be found in the filtrate in the Bowman's capsule?

glucose

potassium

sodium

white blood cells

white blood cells

Which structures form the filtration membrane in the nephron?

efferent arteriole and the glomerular capsule

afferent arteriole and the glomerular capsule

afferent arteriole and the efferent arteriole

glomerulus and the glomerular capsule

glomerulus and the glomerular capsule

Which of the following resulted in an increase in glomerular filtration rate?

decreasing the afferent arteriole diameter

decreasing the efferent arteriole diameter and increasing the afferent arteriole diameter

decreasing the efferent arteriole diameter and decreasing the afferent arteriole diameter

increasing the efferent arteriole diameter

increasing the efferent arteriole diameter and increasing the afferent arteriole diameter

decreasing the efferent arteriole diameter and increasing the afferent arteriole diameter

Which of the following resulted in a decrease in glomerular capillary pressure?

increasing the afferent arteriole diameter

increasing the efferent arteriole diameter and decreasing the afferent arteriole diameter

decreasing the afferent arteriole diameter

decreasing the efferent arteriole diameter and increasing the afferent arteriole diameter

increasing the efferent arteriole diameter

increasing the efferent arteriole diameter and decreasing the afferent arteriole diameter

What is the normal range for glomerular filtration rate?

1 - 5 ml/min

200 - 250 ml/min

20 - 40 ml/min

80 - 140 ml/min

80 - 140 ml/min

What is(are) the driving force(s) for filtration in the nephron?    

hydrostatic pressure gradients and osmotic pressure gradients

osmotic pressure gradients

hydrostatic pressure gradients

hydrostatic pressure gradients and osmotic pressure gradients

The functions of the nephron include all of the following EXCEPT _______.    

tubular secretion

glomerular secretion

glomerular filtration

tubular reabsorption

glomerular secretion

In this activity, we will explore the effect of _______.    

excessive waste products in the blood on glomerular filtration rate

blood pressure on glomerular filtration rate

dehydration on glomerular filtration rate

breathing on glomerular filtration rate

blood pressure on glomerular filtration rate

What is the name for the "ball" of capillaries found in the renal corpuscle?    

afferent arteriole

glomerulus

peritubular capillaries

efferent arteriole

glomerulus        

Altering the radii of the afferent and efferent arterioles provides for _______.

blood pressure homeostasis

glomerular filtration rate homeostasis

glomerular hydrostatic pressure homeostasis

glomerular filtration rate homeostasis and glomerular hydrostatic pressure homeostasis

blood pressure homeostasis and glomerular filtration rate homeostasis

glomerular filtration rate homeostasis and glomerular hydrostatic pressure homeostasis

Because the alteration of the afferent or efferent arteriole occurs within the nephron, we refer to this mechanism as _______.

independent

compensatory

extrinsic

intrinsic

intrinsic

Which of the following would decrease glomerular filtration rate?

increasing the efferent arteriole radius

decreasing the efferent arteriole radius

increasing the efferent arteriole radius and/or decreasing the afferent arteriole radius

increasing the afferent arteriole radius and/or decreasing the efferent arteriole radius

decreasing the afferent arteriole radius

increasing the efferent arteriole radius and/or decreasing the afferent arteriole radius

When blood pressure increases, what changes can occur to maintain glomerular filtration rate?

constriction of the afferent arteriole and dilation of the efferent arteriole

dilation of the afferent arteriole

constriction of the afferent arteriole

dilation of the efferent arteriole

dilation of the efferent arteriole dilation of the afferent arteriole

constriction of the afferent arteriole and dilation of the efferent arteriole

When the efferent arteriole constricts, _______.

the back pressure in the Bowman's capsule increases

the glomerular filtration rate decreases

urine volume decreases

the glomerular capillary pressure increases

the back pressure in the Bowman's capsule increases

Interstitial fluid is located in the _______.

glomerulus

tubule lumen

peritubular capillaries

spaces surrounding the kidney tubule

spaces surrounding the kidney tubule

Secretion of ADH would _______.

increase urine output

decrease glomerular filtration rate

decrease urine output

increase glomerular filtration rate

decrease urine output

The reabsorption of water and solutes _______.

is into the peritubular capillaries

depends on concentration gradients

is passive

is passive, depends on concentration gradients and is into the peritubular capillaries

is passive and is into the peritubular capillaries

is passive, depends on concentration gradients and is into the peritubular capillaries

When ADH is present in the filtrate, _______.

urine output increases

urine concentration decreases

urine concentration decreases and urine output increases

urine concentration increases and urine output increases

urine concentration increases

urine concentration increases

What happened to the urine volume when the solute gradient in the interstitial space was increased?

The urine volume went to zero.

The urine volume decreased.

The urine volume stayed the same.

The urine volume increased.

The urine volume decreased

What happened to the urine concentration when the solute gradient in the interstitial space was increased?

The urine concentration increased.

The urine concentration decreased.

The urine concentration stayed the same.

The urine concentration went to zero.

The urine concentration increased.

What will happen to the urine volume if ADH is NOT added to the collecting duct?

The urine volume will increase.

The urine volume will decrease.

The urine volume will go to zero.

The urine volume will stay the same.

The urine volume will increase.

Glucose is reabsorbed _______.    

by secondary active transport

through transmembrane proteins

by facilitated diffusion

into the peritubular capillaries

All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct

Glucose reabsorption occurs primarily in the _______.    

descending limb of the loop of Henle

collecting duct

glomerular capsule

proximal convoluted tubule

proximal convoluted tubule        

Glucose is transported _______.    

through the basolateral membrane by cotransport with sodium

through the basolateral membrane by facilitated diffusion

through the apical membrane by facilitated diffusion

through the basolateral membrane by secondary active transport

through the basolateral membrane by facilitated diffusion

As the number of glucose carriers increased, the concentration of glucose in the _______.

bladder decreased

distal tubule increased

distal tubule decreased

distal tubule increased and bladder decreased

distal tubule decreased and bladder decreased

distal tubule decreased and bladder decreased

When the glucose transport maximum is reached, _______.

glucose is excreted in the urine and all of the glucose is reabsorbed

all of the glucose is reabsorbed

not all of the glucose is reabsorbed

glucose is excreted in the urine

glucose is excreted in the urine and not all of the glucose is reabsorbed

glucose is excreted in the urine and not all of the glucose is reabsorbed

ADH is produced in the _______.    

hypothalamus

adrenal cortex

anterior pituitary

posterior pituitary

hypothalamus