main point ap bio

What property of water allows it to stick to itself? |

Cohesion

What macromolecule functions as enzymes and structural support? |

Proteins

What is the monomer of nucleic acids? |

Nucleotide

How do enzymes speed up reactions? |

By lowering the activation energy

What are two differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? |

Prokaryotes have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

What increases the efficiency of nutrient and waste exchange in cells? |

A high surface area to volume ratio

What process makes glucose in photosynthesis? |

The Calvin Cycle

Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur in cellular respiration? |

Inner mitochondrial membrane

What is the energy currency of the cell? |

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

What is the correct order of mitosis stages? |

Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase

What does meiosis produce?

| Four genetically different haploid gametes

What law states that alleles separate during gamete formation? |

Law of Segregation

What type of mutation shifts the reading frame? |

Frameshift mutation

What process converts mRNA into protein? |

Translation

What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation? |

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

What are the five Hardy-Weinberg conditions? |

No mutation, random mating, no gene flow, large population, no selection

What is an example of a symbiotic relationship where both species benefit? |

Mutualism

What percentage of energy is transferred between trophic levels? |

10%

What process removes carbon from the atmosphere? |

Photosynthesis

What is the term for the total number of organisms an environment can support? |

Carrying capacity