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DNA acronym
deoxyribonucleic acid
What is DNA & function?
Holds the genetic code, “Blueprint of life”. It is 2 strands - double helix
(remember kitchen at restaurant holds all ingredients.)
RNA acronym
ribonucleic acid
What is RNA & function?
Copies and delivers genetic code, 1 strand (messenger and transfer)
(remember waitress going to and from kitchen with new orders)
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Transfer of energy
Describe the characteristics of cell membrane
Physically holds cell together, allows things in & out (semi- permeable) Allow substances to cross through the membrane. Phospholipid bilayer, membrane, nucleus control center.
What are the main organelles? (“Not Gonna Lie Chem Can Eat Risky Meat”)
Nucleus, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER), Ribosomes, Mitochondria
What is the function for the nucleus?
stores genetic information, control center
What is the function for the mitochondria?
produces energy from nutrients and food
What is the function for the ribosomes?
synthesizes (binds) protein
What are fixed ribosomes?
Ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
What is the function for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
transports proteins and lipids, and theres 2 types - smooth (channels lipid) & rough (channel protein)
What is the function for the Golgi apparatus?
modifies and packages proteins
What is the function for the Lysosomes?
breaks down waste, powerful enzymes that destroy pathogens by phagocytosis
Define phagocytosis
process when blood cell surrounds, traps and kills a bacteria
What is the function for the Cytoplasm?
factory floor, gel like protector, “gel in the cell” found inside cell but outside nucleus
What is the function for the Cell Membrane?
Shipping/Receiving - stores DNA, chromosomes, chromads & control center
Describe the function of cytoplasm
holds the internal components of cells in place and protects them from damage
What are the two types of cell division?
Mitosis and meiosis
Steps in mitosis for cell division “IPMAT”
Interphase- mother cell prepares to separate
Prophase- chromosomes make 2 identical sister cells are created
Metaphase- alignment
Anaphase- split & pulled apart
Telephase- split into daughter cells with identical genetic info (DNA)
Steps in meiosis for cell division
Sex cell division (sex reproduction)
Describe two methods in which substances enter and leave cells
Passive transport (Movement of a substance across the membrane) and active transport (Transports port pumps, endocytosis and exocytosis)
Differentiate between passive and active transport mechanisms
Passive transport - doesn’t require energy Downhill
Active transport - requires energy (ATP) Uphill
Define metabolism
Metabolism- chemical reactions in the cells that change food into energy
Define anabolism
building blocks, builds from simple to bigger, builds protein from amino acids
Define catabolism
breaking down, from complex to simple, releases energy to convert ATP, breaks protein down to amino acids
Describe aerobic metabolism of carbohydrates.
Aerobic - breaks glucose with oxygen
Describe anaerobic metabolism of carbohydrates
Anaerobic - breaks down glucose without oxygen
Name the four main groups of tissues *Every Mother Needs Child*
Epithelial, muscle, nervous, connective
Differentiate between epithelial and connective tissue
epithelium - covers the entire outside tissue, no capillaries on their own, one or many no in between. 3 diff shapes - squamos (flat), cubodial (cube) or columnar (tall and narrow like a column)
connective - ties all together, most abundant of all tissues, supports & protects fat storage transports and connects or binds tissues.
Differentiate between endocrine and exocrine glands
Exocrine- ducts or tiny tubes which secrete out body surface
Endocrine- ductless, secrete into bloodstream
Identify the body membranes.
Cutaneous membrane, mucous membrane, serous membrane pleura, serous membrane pericardium, serous membrane peritoneum, synovial membrane, periosteum, perichondrium, meninges, fascia
Describe cutaneous membrane
skin
Describe mucous membrane
secrete mucous
Describe serous membrane
ventral body cavities that are not open to the body
Describe serous membrane pleura
thoracic and pleural cavity
Describe serous membrane pericardium
thoracic cavity around the heart
Describe serous membrane peritoneum
abdominal pelvic cavity
Describe synovial membrane
lines joint cavities secretes synovial fluid
Describe periosteum
covers bones, contains blood vessels that supply the bones
Describe perichondrium
covers cartilage, contains capillaries that nourish cartilage
Describe meninges
covers brain and spinal cord
Describe fascia
appears through body
Differentiate between mucous and serous membranes
Mucous membrane- lines body open to the exterior of the body and secretes mucous
Serous membranes - lines the ventral body cavities that are not open to the exterior of the body secretes thin watery serous fluid.
What are cells?
smallest living unit
How are cells measured?
Measured in micro meters
Cells work together to do what?
maintain homeostasis
What 2 layers make up the cell membrane?
Extracellular (outside) and intracellular(inside)
What is the cell composed of? *PPC*
Phospholipids, proteins & carbohydrates
What are 2 functions of the cell membrane?
Physically holds cell together, allows things in and out - like a gate keeper (semi-permeable)
Allowing substances to cross through the membrane.
What is the function of the intracellular and extracellular fluid?
Intra- it transports gasses, nutrients, molecules & allows communication.
Extra- exchanges substances between cells & rest of the body
What are the 3 types of extracellular fluids? *I.T.I.*
intravascular, transcellular and interstitial
Define intravascular
(blood vessels) brings oxygen and nutrients, removes waste
Define transcellular
enclosed by the epithelial membrane ex: CSF.
Define interstitial
surrounds the cells
What are the 2 parts of metabolism? *A.C.*
anabolism and catabolism
Define anabolism
building blocks, builds from simple to bigger, builds protein from amino acids
Define catabolism
breaking down, from complex to simple, releases energy to convert ATP, breaks protein down to amino acids
What is the preferred method of energy?
Carbohydrates
What needs to happen to happen to absorb the carbs?
Needs to be broken down
What is the major cation in extracellular fluids?
Sodium - controls & regulate water balance
What is the major cation in Intracellular fluids?
Potassium - maintains water balance
What are the two parts of endocytosis (*ingesting*)?
Phagocytosis- Cellular eating
Pinocytosis- cellular drinking (Pino wine)
What is exocytosis?
Secretion of cellular products out of cell
What are the 4 modes of passive transport? *D-OFF*
Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion and filtration
What is diffusion?
movement of substance from higher to lower concentration
What is osmosis?
defuses water from an area with more to less water
What is facilitated diffusion?
helping substance within the membrane by a molecule
What is filtration?
pushing water across vessels from high to low pressure
What is osmotic pressure?
The pressure amount of force of a solute per volume of solvent
What is Tonicity?
The ability of the concentration of a solution to affect the volume & pressure within a cell.
What are the 3 types of Tonicity? *HHI*
HHI - hypotonic (low, shrinking), hypertonic (high, bursts), isotonic (neutral)
What are the 2 types of IV fluids?
Therapeutic and replacement
What are the different types of therapeutic IV fluids?
Hypernatremia cells shrink: requires hypotonic solutions
Hyponatremia cells swell: requires hypertonic solutions
What are the different types of replacement IV fluids?
Dehydration: Isotonic solutions, lactated Ringers & normal saline 0.9% (NaCl)
What are the 4 cell structures? *CREATE NEW CHANGES OBSERVING*
Cells, nucleus, cytoplasm and organelles
What is cell differentiation?
When cells change structure and carry out specialized functions
How does cell differentiation happen?
When enzymes switch on to assign specialized functions to cells.
Define Hemolysis
breakdown of red blood cells
Define Glyconeogenesis
making of glucose from protein
Define Glycolysis
breaking down of glucose
Define Glycogen and where is it stored?
storage form of glucose and is stored in liver and skeletal muscles
Define apoptosis
cell death, fails to differentiate or cell destruction
Define Metabolism
chemical reactions in the cells that change food into energy
Classification of carbohydrates? *MDP*
Monosaccharides - single sugar compounds ex. glucose, disaccarides - double sugars ex. sucrose, lactose & maltose and polysaccharides - many sugar compounds ex. starches found in plants, animals & cellulose
Example of Monosaccharides
Glucose
Examples of disaccharides
double sugars sucrose, maltose, lactose
Examples of Polysaccharides
Many sugar compounds; starches
What does cellulose help?
Digestion
In anaerobic catabolism we yield _________ & ________?
Pyretic acid and lactic acid
What is protein?
The most abundant organic matter in the body. Important for synthesis
What is fermentation?
Releasing energy without releasing oxygen. Process which an organism converts a carb into an acid.
What are the differences of DNA and RNA?
Different sugars and their strands. RNA - thymine and DNA - uracil
What are the similarities of DNA and RNA?
Nucleotides, phosphate & sugar base.
What is urea?
nitrogenous waste product, made in the liver, excreted by blood and kidneys. Diagnose would be liver damage
What is a Organelle and what is responsible for protein synthesis?
small organ and ribosome
What are the 2 cellular transport groups? *PA*
Passive transport - Movement of a substance ACROSS membrane (ATP is present)
Active transport - pumps, endocytosis & exocytosis
What are the 2 modes of active transport? *E.E*
Endocytosis - Ingestion of substance by the cell membrane
Exocytosis - Secretion of cellular products “debris of cell”
What are 4 types of tissues? *C.MEN*
Connective, muscle, epithelium & nervous
What is therapeutic IV fluid?
If hypernatremia (too much sodium) shrinks cells; it requires a hypotonic solution. If hyponatremia cells swell; hypertonic solution is required
Note 
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