A&P Unit 3 - Cells, Tissues and Membranes

DNA acronym

deoxyribonucleic acid

What is DNA & function?

Holds the genetic code, “Blueprint of life”. It is 2 strands - double helix

(remember kitchen at restaurant holds all ingredients.)

RNA acronym

ribonucleic acid

What is RNA & function?

Copies and delivers genetic code, 1 strand (messenger and transfer)

(remember waitress going to and from kitchen with new orders)

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Transfer of energy

Describe the characteristics of cell membrane

Physically holds cell together, allows things in & out (semi- permeable) Allow substances to cross through the membrane. Phospholipid bilayer, membrane, nucleus control center. 

What are the main organelles? (“Not Gonna Lie Chem Can Eat Risky Meat”)

Nucleus, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER), Ribosomes, Mitochondria

What is the function for the nucleus?

stores genetic information, control center 

What is the function for the mitochondria?

produces energy from nutrients and food

What is the function for the ribosomes?

synthesizes (binds) protein

What are fixed ribosomes?

Ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

What is the function for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

transports proteins and lipids, and theres 2 types - smooth (channels lipid) & rough (channel protein)

What is the function for the Golgi apparatus?

modifies and packages proteins 

What is the function for the Lysosomes?

breaks down waste, powerful enzymes that destroy pathogens by phagocytosis 

Define phagocytosis

process when blood cell surrounds, traps and kills a bacteria

What is the function for the Cytoplasm?

factory floor, gel like protector, “gel in the cell” found inside cell but outside nucleus

What is the function for the Cell Membrane?

Shipping/Receiving - stores DNA, chromosomes, chromads & control center 

Describe the function of cytoplasm

holds the internal components of cells in place and protects them from damage

What are the two types of cell division?

Mitosis and meiosis

Steps in mitosis for cell division “IPMAT”

Interphase- mother cell prepares to separate

Prophase- chromosomes make 2 identical sister cells are created 

Metaphase- alignment 

Anaphase- split & pulled apart 

Telephase- split into daughter cells with identical genetic info (DNA) 

Steps in meiosis for cell division

Sex cell division (sex reproduction)

Describe two methods in which substances enter and leave cells

Passive transport (Movement of a substance across the membrane) and active transport (Transports port pumps, endocytosis and exocytosis)

Differentiate between passive and active transport mechanisms

Passive transport - doesn’t require energy Downhill

Active transport - requires energy (ATP) Uphill

Define metabolism

Metabolism- chemical reactions in the cells that change food into energy

Define anabolism

building blocks, builds from simple to bigger, builds protein from amino acids

Define catabolism

breaking down, from complex to simple, releases energy to convert ATP, breaks protein down to amino acids

Describe aerobic metabolism of carbohydrates.

Aerobic - breaks glucose with oxygen

Describe anaerobic metabolism of carbohydrates

Anaerobic - breaks down glucose without oxygen 

Name the four main groups of tissues *Every Mother Needs Child*

Epithelial, muscle, nervous, connective 

Differentiate between epithelial and connective tissue

epithelium - covers the entire outside tissue, no capillaries on their own, one or many no in between. 3 diff shapes - squamos (flat), cubodial (cube) or columnar (tall and narrow like a column)

connective - ties all together, most abundant of all tissues, supports & protects fat storage transports and connects or binds tissues. 

Differentiate between endocrine and exocrine glands

Exocrine- ducts or tiny tubes which secrete out body surface

Endocrine- ductless, secrete into bloodstream

Identify the body membranes.

Cutaneous membrane, mucous membrane, serous membrane pleura, serous membrane pericardium, serous membrane peritoneum, synovial membrane, periosteum, perichondrium, meninges, fascia

Describe cutaneous membrane

skin

Describe mucous membrane

secrete mucous

Describe serous membrane

ventral body cavities that are not open to the body

Describe serous membrane pleura

thoracic and pleural cavity

Describe serous membrane pericardium

thoracic cavity around the heart

Describe serous membrane peritoneum

abdominal pelvic cavity 

Describe synovial membrane

lines joint cavities secretes synovial fluid

Describe periosteum

covers bones, contains blood vessels that supply the bones

Describe perichondrium

covers cartilage, contains capillaries that nourish cartilage

Describe meninges

covers brain and spinal cord

Describe fascia

appears through body

Differentiate between mucous and serous membranes

Mucous membrane- lines body open to the exterior of the body and secretes mucous

Serous membranes - lines the ventral body cavities that are not open to the exterior of the body secretes thin watery serous fluid. 

What are cells?

smallest living unit

How are cells measured? 

Measured in micro meters

Cells work together to do what?

maintain homeostasis

What 2 layers make up the cell membrane?

Extracellular (outside) and intracellular(inside)

What is the cell composed of? *PPC*

Phospholipids, proteins & carbohydrates 

What are 2 functions of the cell membrane? 

1. Physically holds cell together, allows things in and out - like a gate keeper (semi-permeable) 

2. Allowing substances to cross through the membrane. 

What is the function of the intracellular and extracellular fluid?

Intra- it transports gasses, nutrients, molecules & allows communication. 

Extra- exchanges substances between cells & rest of the body 

What are the 3 types of extracellular fluids? *I.T.I.*

intravascular, transcellular and interstitial

Define intravascular

(blood vessels) brings oxygen and nutrients, removes waste

Define transcellular

enclosed by the epithelial membrane ex: CSF. 

Define interstitial

surrounds the cells

What are the 2 parts of metabolism? *A.C.* 

 anabolism and catabolism

Define anabolism

building blocks, builds from simple to bigger, builds protein from amino acids

Define catabolism

breaking down, from complex to simple, releases energy to convert ATP, breaks protein down to amino acids

What is the preferred method of energy?

Carbohydrates 

What needs to happen to happen to absorb the carbs?

Needs to be broken down

What is the major cation in extracellular fluids?

Sodium - controls & regulate water balance 

What is the major cation in Intracellular fluids?

Potassium - maintains water balance 

What are the two parts of endocytosis (*ingesting*)?

Phagocytosis- Cellular eating

Pinocytosis- cellular drinking (Pino wine)

What is exocytosis?

Secretion of cellular products out of cell

What are the 4 modes of passive transport? *D-OFF*

Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion and filtration

What is diffusion?

movement of substance from higher to lower concentration

What is osmosis?

defuses water from an area with more to less water

What is facilitated diffusion?

helping substance within the membrane by a molecule 

What is filtration?

 pushing water across vessels from high to low pressure

What is osmotic pressure?

The pressure amount of force of a solute per volume of solvent 

What is Tonicity?

The ability of the concentration of a solution to affect the volume & pressure within a cell.

What are the 3 types of Tonicity? *HHI*

HHI - hypotonic (low, shrinking), hypertonic (high, bursts), isotonic (neutral)

What are the 2 types of IV fluids?

Therapeutic and replacement

What are the different types of therapeutic IV fluids?

Hypernatremia cells shrink: requires hypotonic solutions

Hyponatremia cells swell: requires hypertonic solutions

What are the different types of replacement IV fluids?

Dehydration: Isotonic solutions, lactated Ringers & normal saline 0.9% (NaCl)

What are the 4 cell structures? *CREATE NEW CHANGES OBSERVING*

Cells, nucleus, cytoplasm and organelles

What is cell differentiation?

When cells change structure and carry out specialized functions

How does cell differentiation happen?

When enzymes switch on to assign specialized functions to cells. 

Define Hemolysis

breakdown of red blood cells 

Define Glyconeogenesis

making of glucose from protein 

Define Glycolysis

breaking down of glucose 

Define Glycogen and where is it stored?

storage form of glucose and is stored in liver and skeletal muscles

Define apoptosis

cell death, fails to differentiate or cell destruction 

Define Metabolism

chemical reactions in the cells that change food into energy

Classification of carbohydrates? *MDP*

Monosaccharides - single sugar compounds ex. glucose, disaccarides - double sugars ex. sucrose, lactose & maltose and polysaccharides - many sugar compounds ex. starches found in plants, animals & cellulose

Example of Monosaccharides

Glucose

Examples of disaccharides

double sugars sucrose, maltose, lactose

Examples of Polysaccharides

Many sugar compounds; starches 

What does cellulose help?

Digestion

In anaerobic catabolism we yield _________ & ________? 

Pyretic acid and lactic acid

What is protein?

The most abundant organic matter in the body. Important for synthesis 

What is fermentation?

Releasing energy without releasing oxygen. Process which an organism converts a carb into an acid. 

What are the differences of DNA and RNA?

Different sugars and their strands. RNA - thymine and DNA - uracil

What are the similarities of DNA and RNA?

Nucleotides, phosphate & sugar base. 

What is urea?

nitrogenous waste product, made in the liver, excreted by blood and kidneys. Diagnose would be liver damage 

What is a Organelle and what is responsible for protein synthesis?

small organ and ribosome

What are the 2 cellular transport groups? *PA*

1. Passive transport - Movement of a substance ACROSS membrane (ATP is present)

2. Active transport - pumps, endocytosis & exocytosis

What are the 2 modes of active transport? *E.E*

1. Endocytosis - Ingestion of substance by the cell membrane

2. Exocytosis - Secretion of cellular products “debris of cell”

What are 4 types of tissues? *C.MEN*

Connective, muscle, epithelium & nervous

What is therapeutic IV fluid?

If hypernatremia (too much sodium) shrinks cells; it requires a hypotonic solution. If hyponatremia cells swell; hypertonic solution is required