MASTER UNIT 3 AP WORLD HISTORY (2023)

Hernán Cortés

Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that conquered the Aztec Empire in modern Mexico.

Great Dying

Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas; in many cases, up to 90 percent of the pre-Columbian population died.

Little Ice Age

A period of unusually cool temperatures from the thirteenth to nineteenth centuries, most prominently in the Northern Hemisphere.

General Crisis

The near-record cold winters experienced in much of China, Europe, and North America in the mid-seventeenth century, sparked by the Little Ice Age; extreme weather conditions led to famines, uprisings, and wars.

Columbian exchange

The enormous network of transatlantic communication, migration, trade, and the transfer of diseases, plants, and animals that began in the period of European exploration and colonization of the Americas.

Mercantilism

The economic theory that governments served their countries’ economic interests best by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion (precious metals such as silver and gold); helped fuel European colonialism.

Mestizo

A term used to describe the multiracial population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas. Recently, the word has been criticized for being associated with colonialism and racial stratification.

Mulattoes

A derogatory term commonly used to describe people of mixed African and European origin.

Settler colonies

Imperial territories in which Europeans settled permanently in substantial numbers. Examples include British North America, Portuguese Brazil, Spanish Mexico and Peru, Australia, New Zealand, Algeria, and South Africa.

Russian Empire

A Christian state centered on Moscow that emerged from centuries of Mongol rule in 1480; by 1800, it had expanded into northern Asia and westward into the Baltics and Eastern Europe.

Yasak

Tribute that Russian rulers demanded from the Indigenous peoplesof Siberia, most often in the form of furs.

Ming dynasty

Chinese dynasty (1368–1644) that succeeded the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols; noted for its return to traditional Chinese ways and restoration of the land after the destructiveness of the Mongols.

Qing expansion

The growth of Qing dynasty China during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries into a Central Asian empire that added a small but important minority of non-Chinese people to the empire’s population and essentially created the borders of contemporary China.

Ottoman Empire

Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, parts of the Middle East, and much of North Africa; lasted in one form or another from the fourteenth to the early twentieth century.

Devshirme

A term that means “collection or gathering”; it refers to the Ottoman Empire’s practice of removing young boys from their Christian subjects and training them for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps.

Safavid Empire

Major Turkic empire established in Persia in the early sixteenth century and notable for its efforts to convert its people to Shia Islam.

Mughal Empire

A successful state founded by Muslim Turkic-speaking peoples who invaded India and provided a rare period of relative political unity (1526–1707); their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims.

Zamindars

An elite class of the Mughal Empire whose members controlled large tracts of land and collected taxes on behalf of the imperial court.

Akbar

The most famous emperor of India’s Mughal Empire (r. 1556–1605); his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion.

Aurangzeb

Mughal emperor (r. 1658–1707) who reversed his predecessors’ policies of religious tolerance and attempted to impose Islamic supremacy.

Songhay Empire

Major Islamic state of West Africa that formed in the second half of the fifteenth century.

Pueblo Revolt

A major revolt of Native American peoples against Spanish colonial rule in late-seventeenth-century New Mexico.

Characteristics of Early Modern Era

New transportation networks that connected the people throughout the world

Exchange of plants, animals, and diseases

Commercial exchange

Diffusion of culture and technology

Transoceanic exploration motives

Find new routes to Asia

Looking for cash crops

Missionary conversion

Vasco de Gama (Portugal)

Sailed around Africa to India

Christopher Columbus

Discovers new world because he miscalculated the distance from Canary Islands to Japan

Ferdinand Magellan

circumnavigated the globe (but actually didn't because he died in the Philippines, so actually his crew circumnavigated the globe)

James Cook

discovered Hawaii, Australia, and New Zealand

The Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

The Spanish Caribbean

Taino were the indigenous people there

encomiendas there

Europeans brought smallpox, killing off a lot of the Taino

encomiendas

land grants to Spanish settlers with total control over local people

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire with only 450 men

Some Natives were against the Mexica which made them want to help Cortes

Francisco Pizarro

Conquered the Incas in Peru

Treaty of Tordesillas

set the boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.

Mestizo

A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.

Mulattoes

Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European descent

zambos

these are people of mixed Native American and African descent. Lowest tier of social class in colonial America.

peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.

Criollos (Creoles)

A term used in colonial Spanish America to describe a person born in the Americas of European parents

social (and racial) hierarchy of Iberian colonies

top: Peninsulares/Creoles: owned land and had power

middle: mixed races (Mestizos and Zambos): performed much of the manual labor

botton: Africans and Natives:

North American societies/colonies

more of a gender balance among the settlers which led to less mixing

English did not really like interracial marriages

French Traders and Native Women: metis

Mining in the Spanish Empire

silver was the basis on New World wealth

large private estates (haciendas) were the basis for Spanish American production

Global significance of silver

One-fifth of all silver mined went to royal Spanish treasury (the quinto)

Paid for Spanish military and bureaucracy

Passed on to European and then to Asian markets for luxury trade goods

haciendas in Spanish America

produced foodstuffs for local production

abusive encomienda system that was replaced by the repartimiento system

people resisted European control

Sugar plantations in Brazil and the Caribbean

Portuguese in Brazil and the Caribbean were dependent on sugar production

Growth of Slavery in Brazil

Native peoples of Brazil were not cultivators; they resisted farm labor

Smallpox and measles reduced indigenous population

Imported African slaves for cane and sugar production after 1530

High death rate and low birth rate fed constant demand for more slaves

Roughly, every ton of sugar cost one human life

Impact of the Fur Trade

Environmental impact

Conflicts among natives competing for resources

The Ottoman Empire (1289-1923)

founded by Osman Bay

-Ottomans expanded into Byzantine

Had Janissaries (slave troops)Empire

captured Constantinople

Absolute Monarchy; centralized state

military expansion

Safavid Empire

The Safavids were Turkish conquerors of Persia and Mesopotamia

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Akbar

Created a centralized, absolutist government

encouraged religious tolerance between Muslims and Hindus

developed syncretic religion called Divine Faith

Aurangzeb

expanded the empire to almost entire Indian subcontinent

Revoked policies of toleration: Hindus taxed, temples destroyed

his rule troubled by religious tensions and hostility

East Asia and long distance trade

East Asia benefitted from long-distance trade as it brought silver which stimulated their economies

benefitted from crops brought from Columbian Exchange

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Qing Dynasty

(1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture

The Tokugawa Shogunate

a military government that sought to stabilize the region and bring an end to civil war

The term "imperialist" has a negative connotation today, but was a source of pride for some in 1450-1750. How does the context of this period explain this pride?

The context of this period explains this pride because empire or state building was a way of showing your power. It was also common during this time period for new empires to start expanding and gaining more land and resources. For example, Russia, China, and Europe were expanding into the Americas and Africa, so they were sort of competing with each other and this wouldn't have made imperialism seem like a bad thing back then. Of course, now we know the detrimental effects of imperialism which gives the word "imperialist" a negative connotation.

European motivations for exploration

gold (money), glory, and god (religion)

rivalries between European states for expansion

independent merchant class wanted direct Access to Asian Wealth

The Great Dying

When the Europeans arrived in the New World bringing diseases with them and wiping out most of the Native population in the Americas (about 90% of the native population)

The Little Ice Age

13th to 19th century where cooler temperatures plagued the time period (mostly in the Northern Hemisphere)

General Crisis

The very cold winters that a lot of China, Europe, and North America experienced during the Little Ice Age

What the Great Dying and the General Crisis tells us

The Great Dying and the General Crisis tells us that climate plays a big role in shaping human history and that human activity can shape the climate

What Europeans and Africans brought in the Columbian Exchange

They brought wheat, rice, sugarcane, grapes, garden vegetables and fruits, and weeds. They also brought domesticated animals like horses, sheep, cattle, goats, and pigs.

These crops changed the landscape of the Americas and brought a European lifestyle and diet

Domesticated animals made ranching economies and cowboy cultures possible in the Americas

How horses affected Native American societies

Horses made natives abandon farming in favor of riding horses to hunt. From this, a male dominated hunting and warrior culture emerged and woman lost their roles as food producers