5/10/23 & 12/10/23: Learning II

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15 Terms

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B.F. Skinner
The most influential behaviorist who improved Thorndike's Law of Effect by stating that behavior that is reinforced (positive or negative) will be repeated.
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Reinforcer
Something that increases a behavior.
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Punishment
Something that decreases a behavior and should be used as a last resort.
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Positive Reinforcement (Skinner)
When you receive a reward for a certain behavior.
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Negative Reinforcement/Escape or Avoidance Learning (Skinner)
Increasing a behavior in order to escape or avoid something.
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Shaping

(process of) teaching a behavior by rewarding approximations (baby steps) toward it

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Chaining

(process of) breaking the behavior down to approximations + teaching the final behavior first

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Social (Observational) Learning Theorists

Albert Bandura = Band (social event); believe in observation + imitation in addition the classical/operant learning

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Primary Reinforcers

naturally reoccurring enforcers (ex. water, food, pain, sex)

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Secondary Reinforcers

the enforcer’s value must be learned before they can reinforce (ex. tokens, money, grades)

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Schedules of Reinforcement

how often the payout occurs

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Fixed Ratio Schedule

(# is constant) when you’re reinforced after a certain # of correct responses (ex. 1 token/20 questions correct on WS)

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Variable Ratio Schedule

(# varies) # of correct responses needed for a payout changes (ex. # of plays on slot machines b4 a win varies)

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Fixed Interval Schedule

(time is constant) a certain amount of time must pass before a payout (ex. mail comes at 11 daily)

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Variable Interval Schedule

(time varies) the time before a payout varies (ex. shooting stars fall at unpredictable intervals)