Bio Technology

Selective Breeding

When organisms are chosen to breed together in order to produce desired traits/characteristics in the offspring.

Downsides of S.B.

Slow processs. And can have negatve effects on the organism.

Restrictive Enzyme/Endonuclease

Allows for cutting of DNA at specific “restriction” sites, which contain specific sequences of bases

Gel Electrophoresis

Tool used by scientists to seperate DNA into “bands” of different length. These “bands” are compaired among different people.

Allele

Versions of a gene

Dominant

Always expressed over the recessive allele

codominance

when a trait is decided by alleles that share dominance

genotype

allele combination an organism has

phenotype

organisms’s appearance

Reccessive

an allele that is not expressed when a dominant allele is present.

Punnett square

used to model the possible offspring genotypes form a genetic cross

homozygous

have the same allels in their gene combination ex. FrFr

heterozygous

has 2 different alleles for their gene combination ex. FrFw

The bigger the sample size, or number of trials, …

the less room for error

polymerase chain reaction

speeds up DNA replication, produces a lot of DNA

DNA extraction

when everything other than DNA is removed from a cell

Positive and Negative Terminals in Electrophoresis

DNA has a negative charge, so when the gel is electrified, the DNA fragmentsmove towards the positive charge. THe material is porous, and smaller fragments are able to move faster than the larger fragments.

Restrictive Enzymes

“restrictive scissors” that cut at palindromal sites

Blunt end

when the restrictive enzyme cuts through the DNA leaveing two pieces

Sticky end

when the restrictive enzyme cuts through the DNA in a way that cuts through hydrogen bonds.

Hoe111

produces blunt end cuts

Ecor1

produces sticky end cuts

Ways sticky ends can be used

DNA fragments with stickey ends can be combined to create new molecules which allows the creation and new manipulation of DNA sequences from different sources

Example of natural clones

identical twins

Artificial Embryo Twinning

Process that mimics the natural process of embryo splitting. The early embryo is split into 2 indivisual cells ina petri dish. It is then placed into a surrogate mother.

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

The nucleus and DNA from an egg cell is removed. IT is replaced with one from a somatic cell, from the organism to be cloned. This creates a freshly fertilized egg. It can be developed until it is an embryo, until it is planted inside a surrogate mother.

Enucleated

When the nucleus is removed from the cell.

What needs to happen to the somatic DNA in the egg cell?

The somatic DNA needs to adjust to the enviroment. It needs to be “reprogrammed” to behave as egg cell DNA.

How is the egg cell stimulated into Mitosis?

A liquid chemical that mimics the cellular events when an egg cell is fertilized by a sperm cell. This liquid causes the cell to divide alot.

Morula

A ball of cells that results from ferlitization of an egg cell.