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Selective Breeding
When organisms are chosen to breed together in order to produce desired traits/characteristics in the offspring.
Downsides of S.B.
Slow processs. And can have negatve effects on the organism.
Restrictive Enzyme/Endonuclease
Allows for cutting of DNA at specific “restriction” sites, which contain specific sequences of bases
Gel Electrophoresis
Tool used by scientists to seperate DNA into “bands” of different length. These “bands” are compaired among different people.
Allele
Versions of a gene
Dominant
Always expressed over the recessive allele
codominance
when a trait is decided by alleles that share dominance
genotype
allele combination an organism has
phenotype
organisms’s appearance
Reccessive
an allele that is not expressed when a dominant allele is present.
Punnett square
used to model the possible offspring genotypes form a genetic cross
homozygous
have the same allels in their gene combination ex. FrFr
heterozygous
has 2 different alleles for their gene combination ex. FrFw
The bigger the sample size, or number of trials, …
the less room for error
polymerase chain reaction
speeds up DNA replication, produces a lot of DNA
DNA extraction
when everything other than DNA is removed from a cell
Positive and Negative Terminals in Electrophoresis
DNA has a negative charge, so when the gel is electrified, the DNA fragmentsmove towards the positive charge. THe material is porous, and smaller fragments are able to move faster than the larger fragments.
Restrictive Enzymes
“restrictive scissors” that cut at palindromal sites
Blunt end
when the restrictive enzyme cuts through the DNA leaveing two pieces
Sticky end
when the restrictive enzyme cuts through the DNA in a way that cuts through hydrogen bonds.
Hoe111
produces blunt end cuts
Ecor1
produces sticky end cuts
Ways sticky ends can be used
DNA fragments with stickey ends can be combined to create new molecules which allows the creation and new manipulation of DNA sequences from different sources
Example of natural clones
identical twins
Artificial Embryo Twinning
Process that mimics the natural process of embryo splitting. The early embryo is split into 2 indivisual cells ina petri dish. It is then placed into a surrogate mother.
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
The nucleus and DNA from an egg cell is removed. IT is replaced with one from a somatic cell, from the organism to be cloned. This creates a freshly fertilized egg. It can be developed until it is an embryo, until it is planted inside a surrogate mother.
Enucleated
When the nucleus is removed from the cell.
What needs to happen to the somatic DNA in the egg cell?
The somatic DNA needs to adjust to the enviroment. It needs to be “reprogrammed” to behave as egg cell DNA.
How is the egg cell stimulated into Mitosis?
A liquid chemical that mimics the cellular events when an egg cell is fertilized by a sperm cell. This liquid causes the cell to divide alot.
Morula
A ball of cells that results from ferlitization of an egg cell.