joints & articulations

What are the three functional classes of joints

Synarthroses (immovable), Amphiarthroses (slightly movable), Diarthroses (freely movable).

What are the three structural classes of joints?

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial

What are the three types of sutures?

Serrate (interlocked)

Lap/Squamous (overlapped)

Plane/Butt (straight, non‑overlapped).

What are the two types of fibrous joints?

Sutures and Syndesmoses.

Give an example of a syndesmosis.

Radius‑ulna or tibia‑fibula connection

What are the two types of amphiarthroses?

Synchondroses and Symphyses.

Give examples of synchondroses.

Epiphyseal plate, first rib–sternum, hyaline cartilage joints

Give examples of symphyses.

Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs.

What structures make up a basic synovial joint?

Articular cartilage, joint cavity, synovial fluid, joint capsule, ligaments

What defines the six types of synovial joints?

The shape of the articular surfaces and the axes of movement

Name the six types of synovial joints

Plane

Hinge

Pivot

Condylar

Saddle

Ball‑and‑Socket

Which synovial joint type is multiaxial?

Ball‑and‑socket

What is flexion?

Decreasing a joint angle

What is extension?

Straightening a joint or increasing its angle

What is abduction?

Movement away from the midline

What is adduction?

Movement toward the midline

What is supination?

Turning the palm anteriorly; radius and ulna become parallel

What is pronation?

Turning the palm posteriorly; radius crosses over ulna

What movements are specific to the hand and fingers?

Opposition, reposition, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

What type of joint is the knee?

Tibiofemoral joint — a hinge joint

What structures help cushion the knee joint?

Medial and lateral menisci

What major ligaments support the knee?

ACL, PCL, Fibular collateral ligament, Tibial collateral ligament.