11/18 test enlightment study guide

hobbes

believes in powerful gov

hobbes

created the Leviathan

hobbes

people are naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish

hobbes

if not strictly controlled, people would fight, rob, and oppress one another

hobbes

life in "state of nature" (w/o laws and controls) would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"

hobbes

people entered a social contract where they gave up their freedom for an organized society

hobbes

believed that only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society

hobbes

believed in absolute monarchy (impose order and compel obedience)

locke

advocates natural rights

locke

had a more optimistic view of human nature

locke

thought people were basically reasonable and moral

locke

people had natural rights to life, liberty, and property

locke

created the Two Treatises of Government

locke

argued that people formed governments to protect their natural rights

locke

the best kind of government had limited power and was accepted by all citizens

locke

rejected absolute monarchy

locke

thought james II deserved to be dethroned for violating the rights of the English

locke

government has an obligation to the people it governs

locke

if a government fails its obligations or violates people's natural rights, people have the right to overthrow it

locke

ideas would influence leaders of the American Revolution (Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison)

locke

idea of the right of revolution spread across Europe and Latin America

montesquieu

advances the idea of separation of powers

montesquieu

studied the governments of Europe, from Italy to England

montesquieu

read about ancient and medival Europe, and learned about Chinese and Native American cultures

montesquieu

had sharp criticism of absolute monarchy

montesquieu

created The Spirit of the Laws

montesquieu

discussed governments throughout history

montesquieu

best way to protect liberty was to divide the government into three branches (legislative, executive, and judicial)

montesquieu

felt that each branch of government should do checks and balances

montesquieu

beliefs affected Framers of the US Constitution

voltaire

defends freedom of thought

voltaire

most famous philosophies

voltaire

said "My trade is to say what I think"

voltaire

used biting wit as a weapon to expose the abuses of his day

voltaire

targeted corrupt officials and idle aristocrats

voltaire

with his pen, he battled inequality, injustice, and superstition

voltaire

detested the slave trade and disapproved of religious prejudice

voltaire

his outspoken attacks offended the French government and the Catholic Church

voltaire

imprisoned and forced into exile

voltaire

books were outlawed and burned but still continued to defend the principle freedom of speech

rousseau

promoted The Social Contract

rousseau

believed people in their natural state were basically good

rousseau

felt that natural innocence was corrupted by evils of society (especially the unequal distribution of property)

rousseau

inspired Thomas Paine and Marquid de Lafayette

rousseau

set forth his ideas about government and society in The Social Contract

rousseau

felt that society placed too many limitations on people's behavior

rousseau

believed that some controls were necessary but they should be minimal

rousseau

only governments that were freely elected should impose the controls

rousseau

put his faith in the "general will" (best conscience of the people)

rousseau

good of the community should be placed above individual interests

rousseau

influenced political and social thinkers for more than 200 years

rousseau

woven through his work is hatred of all forms of political and economic oppression

rousseau

bold ideas helped flame fans of revolt

wollstonecraft

protested the view that people were "free and equal"

wollstonecraft

argued that women were being excluded from social contract itself

wollstonecraft

arguments were ridiculed and sharply condemned

wollstonecraft

well-known British social critic

wollstonecraft

accepted that a woman's first duty was to be a good mother

wollstonecraft

felt that a woman should be able to decide what was in her own interest without depending on her husband

wollstonecraft

published A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

wollstonecraft

called for equal education for girls and boys

wollstonecraft

argued that only education could give women the tools they needed to participate equally with men in public life

smith

argues for a free market

smith

Scottish economist who admired physiocrats

smith

created The Wealth of Nations

smith

argued that the free market should be allowed to regulate business activity

smith

tried to show how manufacturing, trade, wages, profits, and economic growth were all linked to the market forces of supply and demand

smith

whenever there was a demand for goods or services, suppliers would seek to meet that demand in order to gain profits

smith

strong supporter of the laissez faire

smith

felt that government had a duty to protect society, administer justice, and provide public works

smith

ideas helped shaped productive economies in 1800s and 1900s