Phys Vocab

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100 Terms

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magnitude

size of a quantity

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homogeneity

The SI unit must be the same on both sides of the equation

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Random error

not predictable or constant, caused by human ability,

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parallex error

not being at eye level and reading the scale wrong, can be averaged out

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Systematic error

Occur due to faulty equipment , cannot be averaged out.

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Absolute Uncertainty

+-(1/2 x resolution of measuring equipment)

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percentage uncertainty

absolute uncertainty/measurement x 100

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absolute uncertainty (repeats)

+-(1/2 x range of readings)

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add absolute uncertainties

Adding/subtracting uncertainties

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add percentage uncertainties

Multiplying/dividing uncertainties

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Multiply percentage/fractional uncertainty by power

Raising to a power

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High random errors

large range of measurements (accurate, not precise)

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Systematic errors

peak of the graph displaced to the left or right (not accurate, precise)

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resolution

the smallest change in the quantity being measured (input) of a measuring instrument that gives a perceptible change in the reading

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scalars

Have a magnitude and a unit

length, area, volume, speed, mass, density, pressure, temperature, energy, entropy, work, power.

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Vectors

Have a magnitude. unit, and a direction

displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, force, lift, drag, thrust, weight.

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Distance

How many meters an object has moved while changing positions (scalar)

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displacement

length of the gap between two points (vector)

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relative velocity

the velocity of an object in relation to another

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Vector components

The components (usually horizontal and vertical) of a Vector

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SI base units

Elcectrical current (A), thermodynamix temperature (K), time (s), length (m), mass (kg), Luminous intensity (cd), amount (mol)

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10^12

tera (T)

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10^9

giga (G)

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10^6

mega (M)

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10³

kilo (k)

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10^-1

deci (d)

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10^-2

centi (c )

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10^-3

milli (m)

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10^-6

micro upside down n

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10^-9

nano (n)

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10^-12

pico (p)

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Suvat equation (no initial velocity)

s = vt - ½at²

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mass

The property of an object that resists a change in motion. The amount of matter in a substance

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weight

the effect of a gravitational force on an object

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Newton’s first law

An Object remains at rest or continues to move with a constant speed unless acted upon by a resultant force

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Inertia

The Resistance to motion that an object has because of its mass

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transational equillibrium

all forces on an object are balaced

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Newtons second law

If an object experiences an external net force, it will accelerate such that F(net) = ma

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equation for momentum(p, kgms^-1)

mass(m, Kg) x velocity (v, ms^-1)

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momentum

a measure of how difficult it is to stop a moving object

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Impulse

the change in momentum of an object when a force acts on it

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Impulse (Ns) equation

mv - mu (mass x velocity- mass x initial velocity)

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rate of change of Impulse (N)

(mv-mu)/t = F

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Newtons third law

When an object exerts a force on a second object, the second object simultaneously exerts a force of equal magnitude and opposite direction on the first object.

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Friction

contact force acting when surfaces contact each other. Acts in opposite direction of motion

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Drag

Resistive forces when moving through a viscous fluid

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Air resitance

drag force when moving through the air

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Terminal Velocity

The drag force is equal to the weight force

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smaller mass means what happens to the deceleration?

makes the deceleration larger

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closed sytem

a coservation of momentum

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one dimension

move and interact only in one straught line

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elastic collision

momentum AND kinetic energy are conserved

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Inelastic collision

ONLY momentum is conserved, Kinetic energy isnt.

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perfectly inelastic collision example

Objects stick together

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Perfectly elastic collision example

Objects move apart.

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principle of moments

when clockwise and anticlockwise moments are balanced (no resultant torque), no rotation will occur

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Torque

the turning effect of a force

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Equillibrium

when the sum of all forces acting on an object and the sum of all torques acting on the object are zero

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couple

Two equal and opposite forces can produce a turning effect

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Centre of gravity

the single point through whic the weight of an object is considered to act

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uniform object

Centre of gravity in the middle of the object

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Density

the mass of a substance per unit volume

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Volume

The quantity of space an object takes up

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Pressure

a measure of how “concentrated” an applied force is (pressure = force per unit area)

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Upthrust

A n object placed in a fluid experiences an upward force from the fluid

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Archimedes principle

the upthrust on a body which is either partially or fully submerged in water is equal to the weight of the water displaced by the body.

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decimal places of a metre ruler/ruler

1 d.p. in cm

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decimal places of a micrometer

2 d.p. in mm or 2d.p in cm

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decimal places of a stopwatch

2d.p in seconds

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Energy

the ability to do work

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Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can change from one form to another (transformed or transferred

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Types of Energy

  • Kinetic Energy

  • Gravitational potential energy

  • Electrical energy

  • Sound Energy

  • Light Energy

  • Elastic potential Energy

  • Nuclear Energy

  • Chemical potential energy

  • Thermal Energy

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Chemical potential energy(stored)

stored in the chemical bonds within substances such as fossil fuels, bio gas, carbohydrates and fats

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elastic potential energy (strain)(stored)

stored in an object whose shape has been changed in s reversible way, such as a stretched or comppressed spring.

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gravitational potential energy(stored)

stored in a system die to the gravitational field between two objects

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kinetic energy(stored)

stored in moving objects

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nuclear energy(stored)

stored in the nucleus of every atom and transferred during radioactive decay, nuclear fission or nuclear fusion.

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work

the transfer of energy from one form to another

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Joule

the amount of work done when a force of 1 Newton moves an object a distance of 1 meter in the direction of the force

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Conditions for work to be done

  • There has to be a force and a distance moved

  • Energy needs to be transferred

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isolated system

conservation of energy

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kinetic energy

the energy of moving objects

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Gravitational potential energy

the potential energy an object has because of its height

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Power

the rate of transfer of energy or the rate at which work is done

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density of water

997 kg/m³

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Hooke’s law

for an object under tension, the extension is proportional to the applied load, as long as the limit of proportionality is not exceeded.

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spring constant (k)

determines how much force will be required to deform a spring. measure of stiffness

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Limit of proportionality

Hooke’s Law does not apply past this point.

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Elastic limit

The spring will behave as a plastic material and wont return to its original length when load is removed

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Tensile force

causes an object to stretch/increase in length

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Compressive force

causes an object to be compressed

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Plastic behaviour

deforms and stays deformed when force is removed

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elastic behaviour

returns to original shape when force is removed

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Young modulus

a measurement for the stiffness of a material

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Stress

a measurement of the tensile/compressive per unit cross-sectional area of the material

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Strain

a measurement of the extension of the material as a proportion to the original length

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Ultimate tensile strength

the ultimate stress a material can withstand before it breaks

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Brittle

Material fractures before plastic deformation (Glass, ceramic)

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Ductile

Material can withstand large plastic deformation without breaking (copper)

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Polymeric

material made up of long repeating chains of molecules - no plastic deformation