Matter Notes

Matter

• anything that has mass and occupies space (volume).

• Pure Substances and Mixtures:

• Matter can be classified into……

• Can’t be separated into other types of matter by physical methods. They consist of either elements or compounds.

pure substances

• Consist of two or more substances that are physically combined and can be separated by physical means (e.g., filtration, distillation).

Mixtures

•  A homogeneous mixture where one substance (solute) is dissolved in another (solvent).

Solution

• A solution in which water is the solvent.

:Aqueous Solution

• A mixture of two or more metals, or a metal and a nonmetal, that has metallic properties. Example: Bronze (copper and tin).

Alloy:

• A pure substance consisting of only one type of atom. Example: Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H).

Element

•  A one- or two-letter abbreviation used to represent an element. Example: Carbon is represented by the symbol C.

Symbol

•  A substance made up of two or more different elements chemically bonded. Example: Water (H₂O), Sodium chloride (NaCl).

Compound

• he chemical notation representing a compound’s elements and the ratio of their atoms. Example: H₂O for water, where 2 hydrogen atoms bond with 1 oxygen atom.

Formula

• A mixture in which the components are uniformly distributed. Example: Saltwater.

Homogeneous Mixture

• A mixture where the components are not uniformly distributed. Example: Sand and water.

Heterogeneous Mixture

• Descriptions that don’t involve numbers. Example: "The solution is clear."

Qualitative Observations

•  Observations that involve numbers or measurements. Example: "The solution has a temperature of 25°C."

Quantitative Observations:

•  Depends on the amount of matter present. Example: Mass, volume.

Extensive Properties:

Do not depend on the amount of matter.

Example: Density, boiling point.

• Intensive Properties:

Can be observed or measured without changing the substance’s composition. (what we can see with our eyes)

Example: Color, density, melting point.

Physical Properties:

Describe how a substance reacts to form a new substance. Example: Flammability, reactivity with acid.

• Chemical Properties def

• Formula for Density:

d = M/V

: A change that affects the form of a substance, but not its chemical composition. Example: Melting ice.

• Physical Change

A change in which the substance becomes a new substance with different properties. Example: Burning paper.

Chemical Change:

• The capacity to do work or produce heat. It exists in many forms, including kinetic, potential, thermal, and chemical energy.

energy

•  A reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings. Example: Ice melting.

Endothermic: ABSORBS

•  A reaction that releases heat to the surroundings. Example: Combustion of fuel.

Exothermic

• Energy is often measured in joules (J), calories (cal), or kilocalories (kcal). Dimensional analysis involves converting units using conversion factors.

 Perform Calculations Involving Units of Energy Using Dimensional Analysis

• • qq = heat energy (Joules)

  • mm = mass (grams)

  • cc = specific heat capacity (J/g°C)

  • ΔT\Delta T = change in temperature (°C)

Heat can be calculated using the formula: q=m⋅c⋅ΔTq Where:

• Numbers that carry meaningful information in a measurement. When performing calculations, the result should be rounded to the correct number of significant figures based on the input values.

Significant Figures:

• Example: In the calculation 2.50×3.02.50 \times 3.0, the result should have 2 significant figures because 3.0 has 2 significant figures, so the result should be rounded to 7.5.

Which of the following is a Homogenous Mixture?

steel, soda, air,

Which of the following is a heterogenous mixture?

soil, river water, trail mix, hot chocolate, sand in water, toothpaste

Which of the following is a compound?

DNA, Water, Sugar, Table salt, carbon dioxide,

Which of the following are elements?

sulfur, graphite, hydrogen, helium,

What are physical and intensive change?

lead is denser than aluminium

when a glass of water is left outside, water disappears

What are physical extensive changed?

weight gain and loss

Which of the following is a PHYSICAL CHANGE

Butter melts

the helium balloon tends to leak out after a few hours

Which of the following is a CHEMICAL change?

milk turns sour

bleach turns hair yellow