Exam 1 part 1

Define anatomy

Anatomy is the study of the parts of the body, structure, and names

Define physiology

Physiology is the study of why and how our parts work and how they work with other organs to maintain balance in the body

Hierarchy of structural organization in order

Chemical>cellular>tissue>organ>organ system>organism

Life functions

Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, metabolism, digestion, excretion, reproduction, growth

Necessities of life

Oxygen, water, nutrients, heat, ions

Function of integumentary system

Protecting body by maintaining boundaries

Function of skeletal system

Support, protection of internal organs, help with movement, mineral storage

Function of muscular system

Movement inside and outside of body

Function of nervous system

Responsiveness to changes in internal and external environment, stimulation of a response to return balance in the body

Function of endocrine system

Release of hormones and response to change to maintain balance

Function of the cardiovascular system

To transport and circulate

Function of the respiratory system

Delivers oxygen and rids of carbon dioxide

Function of immune system

Protects against viruses and pathogens

Function of lymphatic system

Returns fluid to the circulatory and activates immune system

Function of digestive system

Ingesting and processing nutrients

Function of urinary system

Removal of waste and balances out electrolyte levels in body

Function of reproduction system

Growth and continuation of offspring

Homeostasis

Body’s ability to maintain a stable environment when the body is constantly changing

Homeostasis feedback loop

Receptor receives stimulus> control center looks at info> the effector brings body back to regular levels

Negative feedback

The stimulus is reversed back to regular levels

Positive feedback

Original stimulus is repeated and enhanced to final outcome

Different membranes

Pleura- covers lungs

Pericardium- covers heart

Peritoneum covers- covers anterior organs in abdominal cavity

Inner layer- visceral layer

Outer layer- parietal layer

Space in between- holds lipid rice fluid to reduce friction

Sagittal plane

Divides body into right and left does not have to be equal

Frontal plane

Front and back

Transverse

Top and bottom

Superior

Top

Proximal

Close to point of origin

Distal

Away from point of origin

Medial

Closer to midline

Lateral

Away from midline

Inferior

Bottom

Dorsal body cavities

Cranial and spinal

Ventral body cavity

Thoracic- heart and lungs

Abdominal- part of large intestine and digestion organs

Pelvic cavity- reproductive organs, part of large intestine, and urinary organs