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How did Japan initially react to European merchants and Christianity?
Europeans were determined to pose no real military threat and played minor roles in economies of Japan at first.
How did the Tokugawa Shogunate react to Christianity and European influence?
When the military figures of Japan were unified from the shogun of the Tokugawa clan, Europeans were viewed as a threat to that new unity. Christian missionaries were expelled and violently suppressed in regards to the practice of Christianity. There was the execution and torture of of Christian missionaries and Japanese converts. The Shogunate banned travel outside of Japan.
How did the Japanese government treat Japanese merchants operating in Southeast Asia in the 17th century?
Once Japanese traders began to behave similar to Europeans, the Shogunate denied any responsibility and connection to Japanese merchants.
In what ways was the Spanish colonization of the Philippines different from the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean Basin?
Spain and the Philippines:
-The Spanish established themselves with a culturally diverse group of people.
-Took over the Philippines due to the spice trade
-Colonization involved small-scale military operations, gunpowder weapons, local alliances, gifts and favors to chiefs, and the pageantry of Catholic ritual
-Bloodless takeover
-Philippines became a major Christianity outpost
Portuguese:
-The Portuguese saw an opening to conquering the Indian Ocean due to merchant ships lacking artillery and the withdrawal of the Chinese fleet
-The Portuguese had a military advantage
-Failed to monopolize the spice trade
Compare and contrast the British East Indian Company in Mughal India and the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia in the 17th century.
Both trading companies were able to raise money and share risk among a substantial number of merchant investors. They received charters from their respective governments granting them trading monopolies and the power to make war and to govern conquered peoples.
The Dutch controlled the production and shipping of spices, and seized control of a number of small spice-producing islands. The Dutch killed, enslaved, or left to starve the entire population of 15,000 people and replaced them with Dutch planters
The British East India company was less well financed and less commercially sophisticated. They fell back on India, and were no match for the powerful Mughal Empire. They secured trading bases with the permission of Mughal authorities or local rulers, with substantial payments and bribes as the prices of admission to the Indian market.
What were the effects of the European presence in the Indian Ocean on existing Asian commercial networks?
Europeans created a network that became just one among a number of thriving Asian commercial networks.
What were the effects of silver on the world?
-Was the first direct and sustained link between the Americas and Asia
-Use of silver as a tax in China
-Allowed for foreigners to purchase more luxury goods such as silk and porcelain
-Paid for African slaves and spices
-Allowed for Spain rulers to pursue military and political ambitions in European and the Americas
-Increase of prices in Europe
How did the Chinese government’s requirement to pay taxes in silver in the 1570’s affect the global economy?
The price for silver greatly increased, and allowed foreigners to purchase more Chinese goods such as silk and porcelain. Chinese, Portuguese, and Dutch traders flocked to sell Chinese goods in exchange for silver. The Chinese economy became more specialized, with communities devoted to growing mulberry trees for silkworms to feed on. Half of China’s forest was lost and more land was devoted to cash crops.
What were the effects of silver on the Americas, Europe, and Asia?
The discovery of large amounts of American silver became incredibly important as the new global currency. In Europe, it allowed massive economic growth and allowed Europe to buy Asian imports it could not have otherwise afforded.
Which country was established as a Spanish colony in the 16th century?
Philippines
Which of the following is true of slavery in the pre-modern Islamic society?
Some slaves acquired prominent military or political status
What is true of the West Africa slave trade?
European merchants waited on board their ships or in fortified port cities to purchase slaves from African merchants and elites
Causes of the Atlantic Slave Trade
-Need for cheap labor
-Needed more people to work on plantations/fields
-Global demand for cotton and other products
Effects of the Atlantic Slave Trade
-Removal of 12.5 million people from Africa
-Famine that engulfed West Africa
-Introduction of guns causing an imbalance of power among kingdoms
-Depopulation of African people due to European diseases
What was an incentive for the Portuguese to find a direct sea route to Asia?
To circumvent the Muslim and Venetian monopolies on the trade in Eastern goods
How did European countries try to control trade in Asia from 1450 to 1750?
By force of arms
Which describes the role that Europeans played in the economy of the early modern era?
They were essentially middlemen funneling American silver to Asia
Which of the following developments in the early modern period provided incentives for Europeans to go into the fur trade?
The Little Ice Age
What commodity was called soft gold in the early modern commerce?
Fur
Which of the following was a consequence of the Atlantic Slave Trade?
The African Diaspora
The origins of the Atlantic Slave Trade are associated with the production of what crop?
Sugar
Which of the following describes the experiences of some women in Africa in the early modern era?
A few women had access to political power
How did the slave trade affect African state?
Some states, such as Asante and Dahomey, grew powerful and wealthy as a result. Other states were completely destroyed and their populations decimated as they were absorbed by rivals. Millions of Africans were forcibly removed from their homes, and towns and villages were depopulated.
What is one effect of the slave trade on the Americas?
Economic growth with the surge of profits from cotton (cotton became the biggest export, made up 57% of exports)
What is one effect of the slave trade on African societies?
Depopulation of Africa
What is a reason for the effects on African societies?
Millions of slaves were transported to the Americas for labor, causing a major decrease in the number of Africans in Africa.
What is a reason for the effects on American societies?
With the slave trade allowing for cheap labor, cotton plantations grew in size, especially the number of people who worked on them. This allowed for an increased amount of cotton produced.
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