Honors World History topic 1 and 3

Enlightenment and Revolution

Until the mid 1500’s scholars usually got their information from:

The church

Copernicus

developed the heliocentric theory

Johannes Kepler

discovered three laws of planetary motion, which describe how planets orbit the sun in ellipses. laid the foundation for Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation. 

Galileo Galilei

improved the telescope, used it to make groundbreaking celestial observations like the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus, and championed the Copernican heliocentric model, which places the sun at the center of the solar system

What did the church do to Galileo?

They arrested him and told him to denounce his findings or face torture.

Bacon

Created the scientific meathod

Descartes

relied on mathamatics and logic. Developed analytical geometrry.

Andreas Vesulius

Dissected human corpses to learn about the human body.

William Harvey

described the circulation of blood

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

first human to see cells and microrganisms under a microscope

Robert Boyle

founder of modern chemestry

Issac Newton

Explained why gravity works and how planets move. Developed the basis for calculus. Was a mathematician, phisicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author

Edward Jenner

Pioneered the concept of vaccines and created the small pox vaccine

What two men helped develop key enlightenment ideas?

Thommas Hobbs and John Locke

Thomas Hobbs

Argued for a powerful government

Social Contract

give up freedom for an organized society

John Locke

everone has natural rights, limited gov. Life liberty and property. Supported overthrow of unjust kings

Where was the center of the Enlightenment?

Paris, France

Montesquieu

Supported checks and balances

Voltaire

Supported free speech, freedom of press, and religion. He was imprisoned and exiled for his thinking.

Diderot

Edited the encyclopida, denounced slavery, supported freedom of expression and speech

Rousseau

Supported education, direct democracy, and social contract

Wollstonecraft

Advocated for equality for women

Beccaria

Advocated for criminal justice reform, no death penalty or cruel punishment

What were the enlightenment thinkers views on slavery?

Some felt it was okay, some felt it was a violation of morals.

Laissez Faire

Supported free trade and opposed terrifs

Adam Smith

Suppoeted Faire, thought the government shouldn’t interfere with commerce

How did some writers avoid cencorship?

They wrote their works as fiction or satire

Salons

Social gatherings with scholars and writers at wealthy women’s houses

Fredrick the Great

King of Prussia. Had total control over subjects. Reduced torture, allowed free press, and freedom of religion

Cathrine the Great

Empress of Russia. Wrote letters to Volitare. Belived in equality and librety. Expanded Russia. Released restrictions on some religons

Joseph ll

Austrian. Supported religious freedom for protestants and Jews. Supported free press. Attempted to bring the Catholic church under royal control. Abolished serfdom

Britain used mercantilism to strengthen the economy by?

Importing raw matirals from the colonies and exporting finished goods

What were the navigation acts?

Laws passed to regulate trade that benifited britain

Sugar act?

Taxed imports to the colonies

Stamp act?

Taxed items like newspaper and pamphlets

Why were the colonists angry?

They had no representation

What was the result of the Boston Tea Party?

The intolerable acts

What was the first continental Congress? And who was there?

A meeting set up with Jhon Adams, George Washington, and Ben Franklin to discuss the laws punishing massacutes

What did the second continental congress do?

Set up a continental army

What were Britain's advantages in the war?

Better, trained soldiers, colonists were divided, relied on natives, had money.

What were the colonies advantages in the war?

George Washington, French fleet, gurilla warfare, fighting on home turf.

The new plan of government for the thirteen colonies was called what?

The Articles of Confederation

Why did the colonies create a weak central gov?

They didn’t want to be controlled by a king

Federal Republic

Power divided between the states and the federal gov

Checks and balances

no branch of government is allowed to be too powerful

Suporters of the constitution were called?

Federalists

What did anti federalists want?

A bill of rights

The first 10 amendments included what rights?

religion, speech, and press

The American revolution and constitution inspired what in Europe?

The French revolution