HISTORY FINAL! (PART 3)

altarpiece

an artwork that represents a religious subject and is placed behind the altar of a Christian church

Duomo

a church built to serve as a cathedral; this reference is to the Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Orvieto

Pieve

a church with a baptisery

sarcophagus

a stone coffin or burial place

patron

a wealthy supporter or funder of an artist

canonical

relating to an accepted tradition, standard, or norm

assimilated

absorbed into

reiterate

repeat; do over again

Christian humanism

a movement that developed in northern Europe during the Renaissance, combining classical learning and individualism with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church

salvation

the state of being saved (that is, going to heaven) through faith alone or through faith and good works

Lutheranism

the religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith

justification

process of being justified, or deemed worthy of salvation, by God

ghetto

formerly a district in a city in which Jewish people were required to live

annul

declare invalid

I

1

II

2

III

3

IV

4

V

5

VI

6

VII

7

VIII

8

IX

9

X

10

XI

11

XII

12

XIII

13

XIV

14

XV

15

XVI

16

XVII

17

XVIII

18

XIX

19

XX

20

L

50

C

100

D

500

M

1000

LX

60

LXX

70

LXXX

80

XC

90

which person was most responsible for starting the protestant reformation?

martin luther

which statement explains how renaissance culture affected renaissance art?

the human-centered worldview resulted in realism in art

which was an effect of the counter-reformation?

the council of trent clarified catholic doctrine

which technique that makes figures come alive was used by classical greeks and romans and revived by renaissance painters?

linear perspective

how did john wycliffe contribute to the protestant reformation?

he supported translating the bible into english

how does filippo brunelleschis design of the basilica of san lorenzo reflect renaissance ideas?

the building was inspired by classical rome to fit human needs

which is a reason the renaissance began in italy?

italy was more urban than the rest of europe

which event most directly led to luther making his ninety-five theses public?

tetzel sold indulgences to build st. peters basilica

which economic changes in italy helped lead to the renaissance?

increased wealth resulted in more financial supporters of the arts, economic security allowed more people to focus on the arts

which statements are true of the english reformation?

the anglican church was created, and henry Vlll was granted a divorce

which of the following were italian artists during the high renaissance?

leonardo da vinci, raphael sanzio, michelangelo buonarroti

which events occurred in switzerland as a result of the protestant reformation?

john calvin created a type of theocracy in the city of geneva, missionaries trained in geneva spread calvinism to other parts of europe

which elements were part of the catholic reformation?

jesuit missionaries helped restore catholicism in some regions, the council of trent declared that faith and good works were necessary for salvation, the catholic church made the selling of indulgences forbidden

which of the following helped spread luther’s ideas?

support from rulers in the holy roman empire, the printing press, a german translation of the bible

which social changes in europe helped pave the way for the renaissance?

expanding urban environments helped new ideas circulate, class structures became less rigid

what was humanism an important part of the renaissance?

it focused european culture on the individual, painters and sculptures focused on the human form

which are reasons that john wycliffe criticized the catholic church?

wycliffe believed people should read the bible for themselves, wycliffe believed the church had too much power and money

which statements accurately explain the effects of the protestant reformation on education?

german protestants established secondary schools and universities, german states began to provide public education

where is geneva located?

switzerland

what centuries did the renaissance take place?

the 13th through 16th centuries

the medici family used their wealth to?

support the arts

with which statement would niccolo machiavelli most agree?

power must be maintained at all costs

compared to milan, the goverment of venice was?

more democratic

unlike other works of the time, the prince was?

motivated by state interest

which factor contributed to the independence of powerful italian city states

lack of a single strong monarch

why were the monarchs of france and spain eager to invade italy?

to control italys immense wealth

describe the causes and effects of major social changes in the italian city states during the middle ages

the black plauge effects started to subside, and people started to explore their interests, so normal life began again

describe the principle of ad fontes. what effect did it have on italian scholars?

ad fonte is “back to the sources”, and it was a principle scholars started using

compared to medieval scholars, the humanists viewed classical values as a way to?

revitalize their culture

how does raphael sanzio school of athens reflect greek and roman art?

by employing balance, harmony, and order

the main focus of humanist education was to?

create well-rounded citizens

filippo brunelleschis work on santa maria del fiore is considered an important accomplishment because of its?

exterior dome

how did the 15th century humanists differ from earlier humanists like petrarch

they believed they had a duty to live an active social life

compared to the high renaissance masters, the northern renaissance artists?

worked in smaller formats

what is linear perspective? how did its use reflect the changing views of humanity during the renaissance?

linear perspective: artistic technique used to give effect of 3 dimensional depth to 2 dimensional surfaces it added beauty to art and people during the renaissance began to like art more

who were dante alighieri and christine de pizan? why are they considered significant to the renaissance?

dante alighieri: writier of the divine comedy christine de pizan: writer of the book of the city of ladies significant to the renaissance because their literature provided teachings and entertainment for those who read it

given the context of the time, which group was most likely to have “returned to local styles to reiterate the strength of the past”?

the catholic church

which line from the hymn supports the idea that martin luther viewed belief in god as a source of sanctuary?

“A MIGHTY Fortress…”

describe the continuity and change in artistic forms between the medieval period to the renaissance, including the expression of religion and universal themes?

medieval was 2 dimensional and renaissance was 3 dimensional. medieval 3 was latin, renaissance was vernacular

as part of the protestant reformation, martin luther established schools in germany that…?

were available to all

how was calvinism primarily spread through europe?

through missionaries trained in geneva

where is geneva located?

switzerland

anabaptists believed that?

church and state should be seperate

one criticism of renaissance popes was that they were?

too concerned with worldly interests

martin luthers decision to publicly post his ninety five theses was largely driven by the churchs practice of?

selling salvation through indulgences

one result of the english reformation was that it?

gave the king control over religious doctrine

explain the outcomes and significance of the council of trent?

catholic church revitalized itself in the 16th century with the help of the council. helped to bring the church back together, along with the 3 other reasons

who was desiderius erasmus, and how did his beliefs and teachings contribute to the protestant reformation?

christian humanist, believed that christianity should show people how to live good lives on a daily; wanted to change the church using his ideas

the ninety five theses, written by \___ started the protestant reformation

martin luther

the ideas of family, loyalty, and community are \____ in art and literature

universal themes

king henry VIII desire for a divorce from catherine of aragon led to the..?

english reformation

the selling of indulgences was forbidden after the..?

catholic reformation

machiavellis the prince emphasized that?

power was more important than honor, there were certain ways to obtain and maintain political power, human beings were motivated by self-interest above everything else

what caused the rise of the major italian city-states during the middle ages?

the lack of a single strong ruler on the italian peninsula

in art, an element is a universal theme if it?

has persisted for centuries

a problem in the catholic church that led to the need for reform was the?

worldliness and corruption of the church’s leaders

humanism changed education by?

encouraging people to read the classics to revitalize european culture, focusing less on religion and more on secular subject matter, producing informed citizens rather than great scholars

renaissance artists were different from medieval artists because they?

sought to imitate nature, incorporated the laws of linear perspective, depicted humans in their real surroundings